Fig. 2.

Nucleotide substitutions inferred to have occurred on the evolutionary lineages leading to the Neandertals, the human, and the chimpanzee genomes. In red are substitutions on the Neandertal lineage, in yellow the human lineage, and in pink the combined lineage from the common ancestor of these to the chimpanzee. For each lineage and each bone from Vindija, the distributions and numbers of substitutions are shown. The excess of C to T and G to A substitutions are due to deamination of cytosine residues in the Neandertal DNA.