RN symbiotic phenotype of the thi1 mutant. A, Maximum nodule diameter. B, Total nodule number. C, Shoot length. D, Infection thread number. E, ARA. F to I, Nodule sections of WTseg and the thi1 mutant 1 week (D) or 3 weeks (A–C and E–I) after inoculation with M. loti without (−T) or with thiamine treatment (+T; final concentration, 100 mg L−1). Nodule sections were stained with Toluidine Blue. Error bars indicate sd (n = 6–12). Significant differences are shown (Student’s t test: *, P < 0.05). Bars = 100 μm in F and H and 50 μm in G and I. J, Expression levels of THI1, THIC, and RN marker genes (NIN and SbtM4) 2 weeks after inoculation with M. loti determined by qRT-PCR in noninoculated (−) and inoculated (Rhi) roots of WTseg and the thi1 mutant. Expression levels were normalized to that of ubiquitin. Error bars indicate sd (n = 3). K, The thi1 mutant and THI1-complemented plants (thi1/THI1) 10 d after inoculation. Bar = 1 cm. L and M, Enlargements of the areas in boxes 1 and 2, respectively, in K. Bars = 500 μm. N, Maximum nodule diameter in wild-type (Gifu), thi1, and thi1/THI1 plants. L1 and L2 indicate independent transgenic lines. Error bars indicate sd (n = 9–13). Different lowercase letters show significant differences in the Tukey-Kramer test (P < 0.05).