Table I. Enzymes and transporters discussed in this review.
Dashes denote genes with multiple isoforms.
| Arabidopsis Genome Initiative Code | Gene | Protein | Function |
|---|---|---|---|
| Malate transport | |||
| AT1G28010 | ABCB14 | ATP-binding cassette transporter B14 | Import of apoplastic malate |
| AT5G47560 | tDT | Dicarboxylate transporter | Transport of carboxylates into the vacuole |
| AT3G18440 | ALMT9 | Aluminum-activated malate transporter9 | Transport of Cl−/malate2− into the vacuole |
| AT2G17470 | ALMT6 | Aluminum-activated malate transporter6 | Transport of malate2− into the vacuole |
| AT4G17970 | ALMT12/QUAC1 | Aluminum-activated malate transporter12 | Export of cytosolic Cl−/malate2− to the apoplast |
| Malate metabolism | |||
| – | PEPC | Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase | β-Carboxylation of PEP to OAA |
| – | NAD-MDH | NAD+-dependent malate dehydrogenase | Reduction of OAA to malate |
| – | ME | Malic enzyme | Oxidative decarboxylation of malate to pyruvate |
| AT4G37870 | PEPCK1 | PEP carboxykinase1 | Conversion of OAA to PEP |
| – | PPDK | Pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase | Conversion of pyruvate to PEP |
| Other carboxylates | |||
| – | TPT | Triose phosphate/phosphate translocator | Export of triose phosphate from the chloroplast to the cytosol |
| AT4G05590 | NRGA1 | Negative regulator of guard cell ABA signaling1 | Putative mitochondrial pyruvate carrier |
| – | SDH2 | Succinate dehydrogenase2 | Oxidation of succinate to fumarate |
| AT2G47510 | FUM1 | Fumarase1 | Hydration of fumarate to malate |
| – | iPGAM | Phosphoglycerate mutase | Interconversion of 3-PGA to 2-PGA |
| – | PPi-PFK | PPi-dependent Fru-6-P phosphotransferase | Phosphorylation of Fru-6-P to Fru-1,6-bisphosphate |
| – | ATP-PFK | ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase | Phosphorylation of Fru-6-P to Fru-1,6-bisphosphate |
| Calvin cycle | |||
| – | Rubisco | Rubisco | Carboxylation of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate |
| AT3G55800 | SBPase | Sedoheptulose-bisphosphatase | Dephosphorylation of sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphate to sedoheptulose-7-phosphate |
| Sugar metabolism | |||
| AT4G29130 | HK1 | Hexokinase1 | Phosphorylation of Glc to Glc-6-P |
| AT4G02280 | SuSy | Suc synthase3 | Interconversion of Suc to Fru and UDP-Glc |
| – | cINV | Cytosolic invertase | Hydrolysis of Suc to Fru and Glc |
| – | cwINV | Cell wall invertase | Hydrolysis of Suc to Fru and Glc |
| Sugar transport | |||
| AT1G11260 | STP1 | Monosaccharide/H+ cotransporter1 | Import of apoplastic hexose sugars |
| AT3G19930 | STP4 | Monosaccharide/H+ cotransporter4 | Import of apoplastic hexose sugars |
| AT1G71880 | SUC1 | Suc/H+ cotransporter1 | Import of apoplastic Suc |
| AT2G02860 | SUC3 | Suc/H+ cotransporter3 | Import of apoplastic Suc |
| Starch degradation | |||
| AT3G23920 | BAM1 | β-Amylase1 | Hydrolysis of α-1,4 external glucoside linkages in starch |
| AT1G69830 | AMY3 | α-Amylase3 | Hydrolysis of α-1,4 internal glucoside linkages in starch |
| Starch synthesis | |||
| – | GPT | Glc-6-P/Pi translocator | Uptake of cytosolic Glc-6-P into the chloroplast |
| AT4G24620 | PGI | Phosphoglucose isomerase | Conversion of Fru-6-P to Glc-6-P |
| AT5G51820 | PGM1 | Phosphoglucomutase1 | Conversion of Glc-6-P to Glc-1-P |
| AT5G48300 | APS1 | ADPGlc pyrophosphorylase small subunit | Conversion of Glc-1-P to ADPGlc, catalytic subunit |
| – | APL | ADPGlc pyrophosphorylase large subunit | Conversion of Glc-1-P to ADPGlc, regulatory subunit |
| Various | |||
| AT3G45780 | PHOT1 | Phototropin1 | Blue light photoreceptor |
| AT5G58140 | PHOT2 | Phototropin2 | Blue light photoreceptor |
| AT4G14480 | BLUS1 | Blue light signaling1 | Protein kinase, regulator of blue light-induced stomatal opening |
| – | PP1 | Protein phosphatase1 | Regulator of blue light-induced stomatal opening |
| AT3G01500 | CA1 | Carbonic anhydrase1 | Interconversion of CO2 and water into H2CO3 |
| AT1G70410 | CA4 | Carbonic anhydrase4 | Interconversion of CO2 and water into H2CO3 |
| AT1G62400 | HT1 | High leaf temperature1 | Protein kinase, regulator of CO2-induced stomatal closure |