Table 5.
Adjusteda Hazard Ratios for the Associations of All-Cause and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality With Self-Reported Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior (n = 3,809), National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003–2006
| Self-Reported Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Measures | All-Cause Mortality | CVD Mortality | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of Deaths | HR | 95% CI | P Value | No. of Deaths | HR | 95% CI | P Value | |
| Transportation activity, hours/week | 0.88 | 0.42 | ||||||
| ≥3.6 | 13 | 1.02 | 0.58, 1.80 | 6 | 1.64 | 0.70, 3.82 | ||
| 0.1–3.6 | 22 | 1.12 | 0.72, 1.74 | 9 | 1.30 | 0.65, 2.61 | ||
| 0 | 290 | 1.00 | Referent | 92 | 1.00 | Referent | ||
| Moderate-to-vigorous household activity, hours/week | 0.02 | 0.02 | ||||||
| ≥2.0 | 65 | 0.65 | 0.48, 0.88 | 16 | 0.44 | 0.25, 0.78 | ||
| 0.1–1.9 | 91 | 0.85 | 0.65, 1.11 | 31 | 0.84 | 0.53, 1.34 | ||
| 0 | 169 | 1.00 | Referent | 60 | 1.00 | Referent | ||
| Moderate leisure activity, hours/week | 0.0002 | 0.03 | ||||||
| ≥2.3 | 67 | 0.65 | 0.48, 0.87 | 18 | 0.51 | 0.30, 0.88 | ||
| 0.1–2.2 | 47 | 0.55 | 0.40, 0.76 | 17 | 0.64 | 0.37, 1.10 | ||
| 0 | 211 | 1.00 | Referent | 72 | 1.00 | Referent | ||
| Vigorous leisure activity, hours/week | 0.06 | 0.16 | ||||||
| ≥0.1 | 30 | 0.69 | 0.46, 1.02 | 8 | 0.58 | 0.27, 1.13 | ||
| 0 | 295 | 1.00 | Referent | 99 | 1.00 | Referent | ||
| Moderate-to-vigorous leisure activity, hours/week | 0.002 | 0.03 | ||||||
| ≥3.0 | 63 | 0.63 | 0.47, 0.85 | 16 | 0.47 | 0.26, 0.83 | ||
| 0.1–2.9 | 68 | 0.67 | 0.50, 0.89 | 24 | 0.73 | 0.45, 1.18 | ||
| 0 | 194 | 1.00 | Referent | 67 | 1.00 | Referent | ||
| Walking, hours/week | 0.0003 | 0.002 | ||||||
| ≥1.7 | 43 | 0.64 | 0.46, 0.90 | 8 | 0.32 | 0.15, 0.67 | ||
| 0.1–1.6 | 27 | 0.50 | 0.33, 0.75 | 9 | 0.48 | 0.24, 0.97 | ||
| 0 | 255 | 1.00 | Referent | 90 | 1.00 | Referent | ||
| Aerobic exercise, hours/week | 0.006 | 0.02 | ||||||
| ≥2.4 | 59 | 0.68 | 0.50, 0.92 | 13 | 0.42 | 0.23, 0.77 | ||
| 0.1–2.3 | 55 | 0.67 | 0.49, 0.91 | 20 | 0.74 | 0.44, 1.23 | ||
| 0 | 211 | 1.00 | Referent | 74 | 1.00 | Referent | ||
| Total physical activity, hours/weekb | 0.006 | 0.005 | ||||||
| ≥5.5 (highest tertile) | 81 | 0.64 | 0.48, 0.86 | 22 | 0.45 | 0.27, 0.76 | ||
| 1.2–5.4 | 87 | 0.73 | 0.56, 0.96 | 27 | 0.58 | 0.36, 0.94 | ||
| ≤1.1 (lowest tertile) | 157 | 1.00 | Referent | 58 | 1.00 | Referent | ||
| Screen time, hours/day | 0.15 | 0.80 | ||||||
| ≥3.6 (highest tertile) | 140 | 1.01 | 0.78, 1.31 | 44 | 0.90 | 0.57, 1.41 | ||
| 2.1–3.5 | 66 | 0.77 | 0.57, 1.04 | 24 | 0.85 | 0.51, 1.42 | ||
| ≤2.0 (lowest tertile) | 118 | 1.00 | Referent | 39 | 1.00 | Referent | ||
| Meet physical activity recommendations | 0.02 | 0.008 | ||||||
| Meet | 70 | 0.72 | 0.54, 0.96 | 17 | 0.47 | 0.27, 0.82 | ||
| Not meet | 255 | 1.00 | Referent | 90 | 1.00 | Referent | ||
| Muscle strengthening, times/week | 0.13 | 0.27 | ||||||
| 2 or more | 35 | 0.75 | 0.52, 1.07 | 11 | 0.77 | 0.40, 1.46 | ||
| 1 | 8 | 0.61 | 0.30, 1.25 | 6 | 1.77 | 0.75, 4.18 | ||
| 0 | 282 | 1.00 | Referent | 90 | 1.00 | Referent | ||
| Usual daily activities | <0.0001 | 0.22 | ||||||
| Carrying, lifting light loads, heavy work | 44 | 0.52 | 0.36, 0.74 | 17 | 0.77 | 0.42, 1.41 | ||
| Mostly standing, walking without carrying, or lifting | 160 | 0.60 | 0.47, 0.78 | 51 | 0.67 | 0.43, 1.05 | ||
| Mostly sitting | 121 | 1.00 | Referent | 39 | 1.00 | Referent | ||
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HR, hazard ratio.
a Presented here are data from the full models (model 3), which were adjusted for age (40–49, 50–59, 60–69, ≥70 years), sex, race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Hispanic, other), educational level (less than high school, high school graduate/general education development certificate, or more than high school), married (yes vs. no), cigarette smoking (never, former, or current), interaction between current employment and follow-up time, need special equipment to walk (yes vs. no), arthritis (yes vs. no), cancer (no, nonmelanoma skin cancer, or any other type of cancer), body mass index (underweight, normal, overweight, obese class I, or obese class II/III), interaction between body mass index categories and follow-up time, hypertension (no, prehypertension, or yes), and diabetes (no, prediabetes, or yes). Full models were also adjusted for other physical activity/sedentary behavior components, which varied by exposure. Transportation activity was adjusted for total activity minus transportation activity and screen time; moderate-to-vigorous household activity was adjusted for total activity minus moderate-to-vigorous household activity and screen time; moderate leisure activity was adjusted for total activity minus moderate leisure activity and screen time; vigorous leisure activity was adjusted for total activity minus vigorous leisure activity and screen time; moderate-to-vigorous leisure was activity adjusted for total activity minus moderate-to-vigorous leisure activity and screen time; walking was adjusted for total activity minus walking and screen time; aerobic exercise adjusted for total activity minus aerobic exercise and screen time; total physical activity was adjusted for screen time; screen time was adjusted for total physical activity; meeting physical activity guidelines was adjusted for total activity minus aerobic exercise and screen time; muscle strengthening was adjusted for screen time; and usual daily activities were not adjusted for other physical activity/sedentary behavior components.
b Total hours per week is a combination of transportation, household, moderate leisure, and vigorous leisure activities.