Table 4. Smoking Status and Risk of Major GI Bleeding.
| Smoking Status | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Never | Past | Current | |
| Person-years | 373001 | 369571 | 51146 |
| All GI bleedinga | |||
| No. of cases | 114 | 152 | 9 |
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI)b | 1.0 | 1.19 (0.93, 1.52) | 0.91 (0.46, 1.80) |
| Multivariable HR (95% CI)c | 1.0 | 1.11 (0.86, 1.42) | 0.90 (0.45, 1.79) |
| Multivariable 2 HR (95% CI)d | 1.0 | 1.07 (0.83, 1.37) | 0.90 (0.65, 1.50) |
| Upper GI bleedinge | |||
| No. of cases | 59 | 65 | 4 |
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI)b | 1.0 | 0.99 (0.69, 1.40) | 0.75 (0.27, 2.08) |
| Multivariable HR (95% CI)c | 1.0 | 0.90 (0.63, 1.30) | 0.69 (0.25, 1.93) |
| Multivariable 2 HR (95% CI)d | 1.0 | 0.87 (0.60, 1.25) | 0.67 (0.41, 1.49) |
| Lower GI bleedinge | |||
| No. of cases | 43 | 67 | 4 |
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI)b | 1.0 | 1.37 (0.93, 2.01) | 1.13 (0.40, 3.16) |
| Multivariable HR (95% CI)c | 1.0 | 1.33 (0.90, 1.97) | 1.21 (0.43, 3.41) |
| Multivariable 2 HR (95% CI)d | 1.0 | 1.29 (0.87, 1.90) | 1.23 (0.44, 3.48) |
NOTE: The total number of cases in the smoking status analysis differs from the alcohol analysis (n = 275 vs n = 305) due to the number of men with missing values for smoking and alcohol at baseline and the use of simple vs. cumulative updating, respectively.
a Includes 24 cases of bleeding of unknown etiology and 9 cases of small bowel bleeding
b Adjusted for age in years and study period in 2-year intervals and using simple updating to examine smoking status.
c Adjusted for alcohol (none, 1–4 g/day, 5–14 g/day, 15–29 g/day, 30+ g/day), body mass index (<21, 25–29, 30–31, ≥32 kg/m2), physical activity (quintiles), regular use of aspirin (yes/no), regular use of NSAIDs (yes/no); using simple updating to examine smoking status.
d Adjusted for multivariate model 1 plus medication use (proton pump inhibitors, H2 receptor antagonists, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, warfarin and/or clopidogrel) and comorbid disease (myocardial infarction, stroke or transient ischemic attack, rheumatoid arthritis, degenerative joint disease, peripheral vascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease).
e Upper GI bleeding was defined as bleeding originating from the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum; lower GI bleeding was defined as bleeding arising from the colon or rectum.