Table 1.
Maternal pregnancy characteristics according to early pregnancy weight category.
| Maternal Data | BMI < 25.0 kg/m2 | BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 24.6 ± 5.4 (13) | 27.9 ± 5.9 (24) | 0.1 |
| Early BMI | 21.9 ± 1.7 (13) | 32.2 ± 5.7 (24) | <0.0001 |
| Final BMI | 27.6 ± 3.4 (13) | 36.2 ± 6.6 (24) | <0.0001 |
| Weight Gain (kg) | 11.5 ± 4.5 (13) | 7.8 ± 4.5(24) | 0.03 |
| Height (meters) | 1.60 ± 0.06 (13) | 1.59 ± 0.07 (24) | 0.56 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 105 ± 15 (13) | 109 ± 13 (24) | 0.41 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 62 ± 7 (13) | 69 ± 10 (24) | 0.02 |
| Hematocrit (%) | 36.3 ± 2.7 (13) | 36.4 ± 3.5 (24) | 0.98 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 11.8 ± 1.0 (13) | 12.1 ± 1.3 (24) | 0.49 |
| Fasting Glucose 1st trimester (mg/dl) | 78.6 ± 8.4 (11) | 79.9 ± 7.2 (24) | 0.64 |
| Glucose 1h OGTT 24 weeks (mg/dl) | 105.0 ± 26.8 (9) | 126.4 ± 32.6 (22) | 0.09 |
| Fasting Glucose OGTT 30weeks (mg/dl) | 75.7 ± 5.4 (12) | 78.0 ± 10.2 (22) | 0.40 |
| Glucose 1h OGTT 30 weeks (mg/dl) | 134.9 ± 18.9 (12) | 139.0 ± 24.0 (22) | 0.61 |
| Glucose 2h OGTT 30 weeks (mg/dl) | 117.4 ± 14.2 (12) | 134.9 ± 28.2 (22) | 0.02 |
| Fasting Insulin OGTT 30 weeks (uU/ml) | 9.9 ± 3.5 (11) | 12.4 ± 7.0 (22) | 0.27 |
| Insulin 1h OGTT 30 weeks (uU/ml) | 106.9 ± 52.3 (11) | 112.3 ± 70.3 (21) | 0.82 |
| Insulin 2h OGTT 30 weeks (uU/ml) | 106.4 ± 64.2 (11) | 126.8 ± 83.4 (22) | 0.48 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.9 ± 0.7 (11) | 2.5 ± 1.6 (22) | 0.24 |
| HOMA-B (%) | 478 ± 640 (11) | 432 ± 347 (22) | 0.79 |
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 252.7 ± 31.4 (12) | 233.6 ± 41.5 (22) | 0.18 |
| HDL-Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 66.0 ± 10.8 (12) | 66.7 ± 16.6 (22) | 0.90 |
| LDL-Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 146.2 ± 28.0(12) | 121.4 ± 39.5 (22) | 0.06 |
| VLDL-Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 40.6 ± 11.4 (12) | 44.4 ±19.6 (22) | 0.55 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 202.9 ± 56.0 (12) | 200.8 ± 49.6 (22) | 0.91 |
| C-section (%) | 37.1 (13) | 31.6 (12) | 0.49* |
Mean ± SD; sample size indicated in parentheses
P-value refers to T-test, except for categorical data, where Fisher’s exact test was used (denoted by asterisk).