Table 4.
Association between depression symptoms in the first and second trimester and subsequent risk of gestational diabetes in the NICHD Fetal Growth Studies-Singleton Cohort (2009–2013)
| Depression scores in the first and second trimestersa | Overall | Non-obese | Obese | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||||
| n total | % GDM | Adjusted RR (95% CI)b | n total | % GDM | Adjusted RR (95% CI)b | n total | % GDM | Adjusted RR (95% CI)b | |
| Both trimesters | |||||||||
| Q1 | 212 | 1.4 | 1.00 (reference) | 186 | 1.1 | 1.00 (reference) | 36 | 11.1 | 1.00 (reference) |
| Ever in Q2 | 565 | 3.9 | 2.28 (0.71, 7.35) | 476 | 2.3 | 2.00 (0.46, 8.79) | 100 | 12.0 | 0.83 (0.29, 2.36) |
| Ever in Q3 | 692 | 3.8 | 2.21 (0.69, 7.07) | 560 | 2.5 | 2.16 (0.50, 9.29) | 127 | 7.1 | 0.66 (0.22, 2.00) |
| Ever in Q4 | 580 | 4.3 | 2.45 (0.76, 7.88) | 484 | 4.3 | 3.40 (0.81, 14.36) | 96 | 4.2 | 0.36 (0.11, 1.24) |
| Both trimesters | |||||||||
| Q4 | 423 | 5.7 | 3.21 (1.00, 10.28) | 338 | 5.3 | 4.02 (0.95, 16.97) | 69 | 7.2 | 0.72 (0.21, 2.49) |
a
Five women (four non-obese, one obese) were diagnosed early in the second trimester before the study visit and evaluation of depression, and were therefore excluded from the models
b
Model adjusted for maternal age, race (white, black, Hispanic, Asian), education (high school or less, some college or associate degree, bachelor’s degree or higher), marital status and pre-pregnancy BMI