Fig. 1.

Photograph of the microgravity simulator device employed in the present study to simulate microgravity conditions. a The chamber was constructed mainly by a cell culture slide (25 × 75 mm, Permanox, NUNS, Rosklide, Denmark), a silica gel plate, a gas-permeable polystyrene membranes and a polycarbonate base. b Schematic of the cross section along the length direction of the flat chamber. c Photograph of the clinostat employed in the present study to model simulated microgravity