Table 5.

Factors associated with higher employee presenteeism among individuals with a diagnosis of depression

	Unadjusted		Adjusted		Adjusted with interaction
	Estimate (95 % CI)	p value	Estimate (95 % CI)	p value	Estimate (95 % CI)	p value
Gender
Female	1.19 (0.98, 1.43)	0.07	0.99 (0.96, 1.03)	0.55	0.99 (0.96, 1.03)	0.55
Male (ref)	–		–	–	–	–
Age
45–64	4.90 (3.32, 7.31)	<0.0001	1.03 (0.96, 1.11)	0.43	1.02 (0.95 ,1.09)	0.55
25–44	4.48 (3.00, 3.32)	<0.0001	0.96 (0.90, 1.03)	0.26	0.95 (0.90, 1.02)	0.17
18–24	–	–	–	–	–	–
Education
High	0.82 (0.75, 0.90)	<0.0001	0.90 (0.88, 0.93)	<0.0001	0.90 (0.88, 0.93)	<0.0001
Medium	0.82 (0.70, 0.95)	0.008	0.95 (0.91, 0.99)	0.02	0.96 (0.92, 0.99)	0.03
Low	–	–	–	–	–	–
Income
High	1.25 (1.16, 1.32)	<0.0001	1.04 (1.01, 1.08)	0.03	1.04 (1.01, 1.08)	0.03
Medium	1.77 (1.51, 2.10)	<0.0001	1.10 (1.08, 1.13)	<0.0001	1.10 (1.08, 1.13)	<0.0001
Low	–	–	–	–	–
Did not tell employer because fear of losing job/economic climate	0.06 (0.01, 0.64)	0.02	0.80 (0.77, 0.84)	<0.0001	0.79 (0.75, 0.84)	<0.0001
Country prevalence of employees with a diagnosis of depression	0.97 (0.90, 1.04)	0.37	1.05 (1.00, 1.10)	0.05	1.05 (1.01, 1.10)	0.05
GDP per capita	1.09 (1.02, 1.16)	0.01	0.99 (0.97, 1.02)	0.84	0.99 (0.96, 1.02)	0.48
GDP per capita* fearjob					1.12 (1.06, 1.20)	0.0002

Bold indicates p < 0.05

Though duration and number of episodes may differ by country (e.g., access to appropriate care and treatment). We assumed an average of 37.7 weeks for an episode of depression based on the global burden of disease review and estimate [26]

^aUnemployment rates were taken from the International Labor Organization http://www.ilo.org/global/research/global-reports/global-employment-trends/2014/WCMS_233936/lang--en/index.htm

^bGDP taken from the World Bank: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD