Table 3. Effects of the DASH-JUMP diet on indices of lifestyle-related diseases, serum lipids, insulin sensitivity, inflammatory cytokines and other measurements.
| Indices | n | Baseline | After 1 month | After 2 months | 1 month after ceasing intervention | 4 months after ceasing intervention | P-valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | |||||||
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 58 | 153±14 | 135±17** | 130±16** | 138±18** | 139±16** | 0.000 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 58 | 91±11 | 81±9** | 80±9** | 84±11** | 85±10** | 0.000 |
| Weight (kg) | 58 | 66.4±12.1 | 64.1±11.5** | 62.5±11.3** | 62.9±11.5** | 63.7±11.8** | 0.000 |
| Body mass index (kg m−2) | 58 | 24.6±3.5 | 23.8±3.4** | 23.2±3.3** | 23.3±3.3** | 23.6±3.4** | 0.000 |
| Abdominal circumference (cm) | 58 | 86.2±9.7 | 84.6±9.5 | 84.4±9.2 | 83.4±9.2** | 85.3±9.3 | 0.001 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 58 | 96.1±7.6 | 95.6±7.2 | 93.9±7.0* | 93.9±6.7 | 94.2±7.2 | 0.000 |
| AST (IU l−1) | 58 | 26±9 | 24±11 | 22±7** | 23±8** | 0.000 | |
| ALT (IU l−1) | 58 | 28±14 | 25±14 | 21±10** | 22±14** | 0.000 | |
| γ-GTP (IU l−1) | 58 | 51±48 | 38±37** | 31±26** | 50±69 | 0.000 | |
| 2 | |||||||
| Total cholesterol (mg dl−1) | 58 | 216±33 | 184±32** | 182±34** | 199±34** | 0.000 | |
| LDL-C (mg dl−1) | 58 | 127±28 | 109±27** | 108±26** | 123±31 | 0.000 | |
| HDL-C (mg dl−1) | 58 | 56±15 | 48±14** | 47±13** | 54±15* | 0.000 | |
| Triglycerides (mg dl−1) | 55 | 111±60 | 95±38 | 90±40** | 104±67 | 0.010 | |
| ApoA-1 (mg dl−1) | 58 | 154±27 | 127±26** | 125±28** | 142±25** | 0.000 | |
| ApoB (mg dl−1) | 58 | 106±21 | 90±20** | 88±20** | 94±20** | 0.000 | |
| ApoB/apoA-1 | 58 | 0.72±0.19 | 0.74±0.22 | 0.74±0.22 | 0.68±0.20 | 0.019 | |
| ApoE (mg dl−1) | 58 | 4.5±1.5 | 3.8±1.2** | 3.9±1.3** | 4.3±1.7 | 0.000 | |
| 3 | |||||||
| Fasting serum glucose (mg dl−1) | 58 | 100±26 | 97±17 | 94±15** | 94±13** | 0.001 | |
| HbA1C (%) | 58 | 5.58±0.84 | 5.45±0.73** | 5.62±0.57 | 5.59±0.45 | 0.000 | |
| Fasting insulin (μIU ml−1) | 58 | 6.9±5.9 | 7.5±9.1 | 4.4±2.7** | 5.4±3.3 | 0.000 | |
| HOMA-IR | 58 | 1.8±2.3 | 1.9±2.4 | 1.1±0.8** | 1.3±0.8 | 0.000 | |
| HOMA-β | 58 | 71±39 | 83±79 | 54±31** | 67±36 | 0.000 | |
| 4 | |||||||
| IL-6 (pg ml−1) | 58 | 2.7±1.6 | 2.3±6.3** | 1.5±1.5** | 1.7±1.4** | 0.000 | |
| Homocysteine (nmol ml−1) | 58 | 10.3±3.3 | 9.9±2.2 | 9.7±2.3 | 11.0±2.8** | 0.000 | |
| NT-proBNP (pg ml−1) | 58 | 43±38 | 28±24** | 30±22* | 52±36* | 0.000 | |
| Adiponectin (μg ml−1) | 58 | 9.0±4.9 | 8.1±4.1** | 8.5±4.2 | 9.5±5.2 | 0.000 | |
| hs-CRP (ng ml−1) | 58 | 894±1538 | 649±1531 | 1068±2451 | 540±592 | 0.039 | |
| Renin (ng ml−1 h−1) | 57 | 1.0±0.7 | 1.8±1.3** | 1.5±1.3** | 0.9±0.6 | 0.000 | |
| Urinary microalbumin (mg g−1·cre) | 58 | 15±17 | 9±13** | 7±8** | 8±11** | 0.000 | |
| Uric acid (mg dl−1) | 58 | 5.6±1.4 | 5.6±1.4 | 5.6±1.4 | 5.5±1.2 | 0.381 | |
| 5 | |||||||
| Serum potassium (mEq l−1) | 58 | 4.3±0.4 | 4.6±0.4** | 4.6±0.4** | 3.9±0.3** | 0.000 | |
| Serum sodium (mEq l−1) | 58 | 140±2 | 141±2 | 140±1 | 142±2** | 0.000 | |
| Urinary potassium (mEq l−1) | 58 | 45±23 | 81±37** | 85±35** | 60±29** | 0.000 | |
| Urinary sodium (mEq l−1) | 58 | 135±7 | 82±5** | 87±5** | 146±8 | 0.000 | |
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ANOVA, analysis of variance; Apo, apolipoprotein; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; DASH-JUMP, DASH-Japan Ube Modified diet Program; γ-GTP, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; HbA1C, hemoglobin A1C; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HOMA, homeostatic model assessments of insulin resistance and pancreatic beta cell function; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessments of insulin resistance; hs-CRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin-6; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; NT-proBNP, N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide.
1: Indices of lifestyle-related diseases; 2: serum lipids; 3: insulin sensitivity; 4: inflammatory cytokines and others; 5: electrolyte concentrations in serum and urine.
Data are means±s.d. aP-values derived from repeated-measures ANOVA or Friedman's test. bP-values derived from post hoc analysis with Bonferroni or Friedman's test for multiple comparisons.
** indicates bP<0.01 vs. baseline; * indicates bP<0.05 vs. baseline. A value of P<0.05 was considered significant. We excluded three outliers of triglyceride, and analyzed 55 cases.