Table 1. Characteristics of the 33 studies included for meta-analyses.
| Article | Healthy controls |
PD patients |
PD diagnosis | Detection | Method type | UPDRS score | UPDRS motor score | H-Y scale | Disease duration | Publication Quality Assessment | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Agea | Gender (F/M) | n | Agea | Gender (F/M) | |||||||||
| Yu et al.17 | 10 | 84.6 ± 1.5 | 6/4 | 10 | 82.7 ± 1.7 | 4/6 | UK PD Brain Bank criteria | ICP | Postmortem | — | — | — | — | ****** |
| Loeffler et al.12 | 8 | 74.6 ± 7.6 | 4/4 | 14 | 74.9 ± 8.7 | 5/9 | Pathological examination | COL | Postmortem | — | — | — | — | **** |
| Griffiths et al.11 | 6 | 83.3 ± 2.1 | — | 6 | 83.6 ± 2.4 | — | Pathological examination | AA | Postmortem | — | — | — | — | ****** |
| Dexter et al.2 | 34 | 81.3 ± 1.5 | 21/13 | 27 | 74.9 ± 1.4 | 11/16 | Clinical and pathological examination | ICP | Postmortem | — | — | — | — | ***** |
| Riederer et al.4 | 4 | 73 (68–78) | 3/1 | 13 | 76 (68–82) | 7/6 | Pathological examination | SPH | Postmortem | — | — | — | — | ***** |
| Sofic et al.13 | 8 | 75.3 (66–86) | 4/4 | 8 | 71.3 ± 12.5 | 4/4 | Pathological examination | SPH | Postmortem | — | — | — | 7.5 ± 3.4 | ****** |
| Visanji et al.15 | 3 | 62.7 (47–78) | 1/2 | 3 | 69.3 (56–79) | 1/2 | Pathological examination | AA | Postmortem | — | — | — | 21 ± 3.8 | ***** |
| Wypijewska et al.16 | 29 | 61–85 | — | 17 | 61–85 | — | Clinical and pathological examination | MS | Postmortem | — | — | — | — | ****** |
| Galazka-Friedm et al.10 | 8 | 64 ± 6 | — | 6 | 70 ± 4 | — | Clinical and pathological examination | MS | Postmortem | — | — | 4–5 | 4–7 | ***** |
| Uitti et al.14 | 12 | 70 | 4/8 | 9 | 73 | 3/6 | Pathological examination | AA | Postmortem | — | — | — | — | **** |
| Chen et al.9 | 6 | — | — | 10 | — | — | — | AA | Postmortem | — | — | — | — | **** |
| Gorell et al.18 | 10 | 60.0 ± 8.7 | 5/5 | 13 | 65.2 ± 12.7 | 2/11 | Clinical diagnosis | 3T | R2* | — | — | 1.5–3.0 | 3–13 | ***** |
| Graham et al.19 | 25 | 64.0 ± 6.6 | 6/7 | 21 | 61.4 ± 7.3 | 10/11 | UK PD Brain Bank criteria | 1.5T | R2* | — | — | — | 11.1 ± 4.5 | ****** |
| Martin et al.20,b | 11 | 55.9 ± 7.3 | 4/7 | 22 | 61.9 ± 9.0 | 8/14 | Published criteria66 | 3T | R2* | — | 16.7 ± 7.1 | — | 3.2 ± 1.7 | ******* |
| 19 | 60.3 ± 8.4 | 6/13 | — | 16.9 ± 7.5 | — | 2.9 ± 1.6 | ||||||||
| Du et al.21 | 29 | 59.6 ± 6.7 | 17/12 | 40 | 60.7 ± 8.3 | 17/23 | Published criteria66 | 3T | R2* | — | 23.4 ± 15.2 | 1.8 ± 0.6 | 4.2 ± 4.7 | ****** |
| Bunzeck et al.22 | 20 | 66.0 ± 9.1 | 10/10 | 20 | 66.3 ± 9.0 | 9/11 | Queens Square Brain Bank criteria67 | 3T | R2* | 34.6 ± 17.4 | — | — | — | ****** |
| Lee et al.23 | 21 | 60.0 ± 6.1 | 9/12 | 29 | 59.1 ± 7.6 | 12/17 | UK PD Brain Bank criteria | 3T | R2* | — | 25.5 ± 9.2 | 2.05 ± 0.5 | 2.5 ± 1.9 | ******* |
| Lewis et al.3 | 23 | 59.9 ± 7.0 | 17/12 | 38 | 60.6 ± 8.0 | 17/23 | Published criteria66 | 3T | R2* | — | 23.8 ± 15.4 | 1.8 ± 0.6 | 4.4 ± 4.7 | ***** |
| Rossi et al.24 | 21 | 66 (58–80) | 17/4 | 37 | 69 (42–86) | 18/19 | Clinical diagnosis | 3T | R2* | — | — | — | — | ***** |
| Ulla et al.25 | 26 | 57.0 ± 8.5 | 17/9 | 27 | 60.2 ± 10.7 | 14/13 | PD Society Brain Bank68 | 1.5T | R2* | — | 12.1 ± 8.5 | 1.9 ± 0.7 | 5.7 ± 4.4 | ****** |
| Rossi et al.26 | 19 | 65 (58–80) | 15/4 | 25 | 73 (44–87) | 14/11 | Clinical diagnosis | 3T | R2* | — | — | — | — | ***** |
| Barbosa et al.27 | 30 | 64 ± 7 | 21/9 | 20 | 66 ± 8 | 8/12 | UK PD Brain Bank criteria | 3T | R2* | — | — | 2.3 ± 0.6 | 8.1 ± 4.2 | ****** |
| Murakami et al.30 | 21 | 69.7 ± 8.6 | 12/9 | 21 | 72.0 ± 7.5 | 12/9 | UK PD Brain Bank criteria | 3T | R2* | — | — | 2 (1–3) | 2.7 ± 2.3 | ***** |
| He et al.29 | 35 | 60.5 ± 6.5 | 14/21 | 44 | 58.0 ± 8.8 | 19/25 | UK PD Brain Bank criteria | 3T | R2* | — | 15.6 ± 6.2 | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 2.8 ± 1.6 | **** |
| Du et al.28 | 47 | 62.2 ± 8.8 | 24/23 | 47 | 65.8 ± 10.1 | 25/22 | UK PD Brain Bank criteria | 3T | R2* | 39.6 ± 24.8 | 21.8 + 15.2 | — | 5.5 ± 4.8 | ***** |
| Zhang et al.34 | 26 | 57.3 ± 11.6 | 12/14 | 40 | 58.7 ± 12.8 | 19/21 | UK PD Brain Bank criteria | 3T | SWI | — | 19.0 ± 7.8 | — | 3.6 ± 2.9− | ****** |
| Jin et al.35 | 45 | 55.4 ± 14.9 | 19/26 | 45 | 56.3 ± 10.9 | 14/31 | UK PD Brain Bank criteria | 3T | SWI | 15.1 ± 9.3 | 12.0 ± 7.1 | — | — | ****** |
| Wang et al.32 | 14 | 64.3 ± 12.7 | 7/7 | 20 | 67.2 ± 10.7 | 10/10 | Clinical diagnosis | 3T | SWI | — | — | — | 2.8 ± 2.8 | ****** |
| Wang et al.37 | 44 | 59.4 ± 11.8 | 23/21 | 16 | 63.3 ± 10.6 | 7/9 | UK PD Brain Bank criteria | 1.5T | SWI | — | — | — | 2.5 ± 1.7 | ***** |
| Han et al.31 | 20 | 55.9 ± 6.2 | 8/12 | 15 | 57.4 ± 7.1 | 8/7 | UK PD Brain Bank criteria | 3T | SWI | 23.0 ± 5.6 | — | 2.2 ± 0.5 | 2.5 ± 1.6 | ***** |
| Kim et al.36 | 25 | 56.2 ± 6.5 | 13/12 | 30 | 57.6 ± 6.8 | 11/19 | UK PD Brain Bank criteria | 3T | SWI | — | 24.5 ± 8.4 | 1.7 ± 0.5 | 1.7 ± 1.1 | ***** |
| Wu, et al.33 | 40 | 66.5 ± 6.0 | 18/22 | 54 | 65.6 ± 5.8 | 21/33 | UK PD Brain Bank criteria | 3T | SWI | — | — | ≥1.5 | — | **** |
| Huang, et al.38 | 19 | 65.0 ± 9.0 | — | 30 | 68.0 ± 9.0 | 6/24 | — | 3T | SWI | — | — | — | — | **** |
aData in this column are presented as mean ± SD or Range or Median (Range) or Mean (Range) or the detail ages; bIn this study the patient group with n = 22 is for mid-brain images including substantia nigra and red nucleus, and the one with n = 19 is for forebrain images including globus pallidus, putamen, nucleus caudatus, and white matter. UPDRS, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; H-Y, Hoehn and Yahr; ICP, inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy; COL, colorimetry; AA, atomic absorption; SPH, spectrophotometry; MS, Mössbauer spectroscopy.