Figure 6. PGE₂-induced organoid swelling cannot be modulated by inflammatory signals.

PGE₂-induced swelling was quantified under the concomitant presence of various pro-inflammatory cytokines. The concentration of each cytokine is as follows: TNF-α (100 ng/ml), IFN-α (50 ng/ml), IFN-γ (10 ng/ml), IL-1β (20 ng/ml), IL-4 (10 ng/ml), IL-6 (50 ng/ml), IL-22 (20 ng/ml), IL-24 (100 ng/ml), IL-10 (10 ng/ml), IL-12 (20 ng/ml), IL-17A (50 g/l), IL-33 (10 ng/ml) and TL1A (100 ng/ml). Panel A and Panel B represent a series of data acquired by the scanning of a 96-well plate. (a) A panel of cytokines were incubated with the jejunal organoids for 30 min, and examined for their ability to induce organoid swelling without PGE₂. High-dose PGE₂ (10⁻⁹ M) served as a positive control. (b,c) The same panel of cytokines as shown in (a) was pre-incubated with the jejunal organoids for 30 min, and then swelling was induced by low-dose PGE₂ (10⁻¹¹ M) (b) or high-dose PGE₂ (10⁻⁹ M) (c). Data are shown as the mean ± SEM of three independent wells. ***indicates P < 0.0005, ****indicates P < 0.0001 as determined by two-sided Student’s t-test compared to the data of control. ns indicates not significant. All results are representative of at least three independent experiments.