Table 2. Comparison of various elasmobranch substitution rates for estimating the split time between Yucatán Manta Rays and Manta birostris following IM analysis (MLE peak = 0.3250).
Gene μ, mutation rate for 1,067 bp of mtDNA ND5 gene. YBP, years before present. Sources for shark rates: All sharks (Martin, Naylor & Palumbi, 1992; Dudgeon et al., 2012), Raja and Aetobatus (Dudgeon et al., 2012), Mobula (Poortvliet et al., 2015), and Manta (Kashiwagi et al., 2012).
| Substitution rate | Gene μ | Estimated split time (YBP) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| All sharks | 7.00E−10 | 7.47E−07 | 435074 |
| Raja | 4.21E−09 | 4.49E−06 | 72383 |
| Aetobatus-slow | 3.60E−09 | 3.84E−06 | 84635 |
| Aetobatus-fast | 6.35E−09 | 6.78E−06 | 47935 |
| Mobula | 8.82E−09 | 9.41E−06 | 34538 |
| Manta | 1.09E−08 | 1.16E−05 | 28017 |