Table 2. Unadjusted and adjusted incidence rate ratios for the volume of antenatal care registrations at health sub-centers in India, 2007–2008 (n = 16, 537).
| Outcome: number of antenatal registrations. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||||
| IRR | P-value | 95% CI | IRR | P-value | 95% CI | |
| Health personnel | ||||||
| Auxiliary Nurse Midwife (ANM) | ||||||
| None | 0.795 | 0.000 | 0.745, 0.849 | 0.846 | 0.001 | 0.763, 0.938 |
| Only Contractual ANM | 0.923 | 0.021 | 0.862, 0.988 | 0.901 | 0.014 | 0.829, 0.979 |
| Both | 1.085 | 0.000 | 1.043, 1.128 | 1.042 | 0.178 | 0.982, 1.105 |
| Drug availability | ||||||
| Paracetamol | ||||||
| No | 1.002 | 0.884 | 0.972, 1.034 | 0.997 | 0.879 | 0.954, 1.041 |
| Iron and folic acid | ||||||
| No | 1.013 | 0.464 | 0.979, 1.048 | 0.992 | 0.735 | 0.946, 1.040 |
| Equipment | ||||||
| BP instrument | ||||||
| Yes | 1.045 | 0.002 | 1.016, 1.075 | 1.047 | 0.029 | 1.005, 1.092 |
| Weighing scale | ||||||
| Yes | 1.044 | 0.004 | 1.014, 1.074 | 1.023 | 0.276 | 0.982, 1.066 |
| Examination table | ||||||
| Available but unusable | 0.926 | 0.003 | 0.880, 0.975 | 0.943 | 0.130 | 0.874, 1.017 |
| Not available | 0.921 | 0.000 | 0.896, 0.947 | 0.956 | 0.025 | 0.919, 0.994 |
| Bed screen | ||||||
| Available but unusable | 0.940 | 0.064 | 0.881, 1.003 | 0.968 | 0.477 | 0.886, 1.058 |
| Not available | 0.930 | 0.000 | 0.903, 0.958 | 0.956 | 0.032 | 0.917, 0.996 |
| Infrastructure | ||||||
| Electricity | ||||||
| Irregular supply | 0.926 | 0.000 | 0.891, 0.963 | 0.933 | 0.011 | 0.885, 0.984 |
| No connection | 0.896 | 0.000 | 0.864, 0.929 | 0.915 | 0.000 | 0.871, 0.962 |
| Water supply | ||||||
| Yes | 1.056 | 0.000 | 1.028, 1.085 | 1.026 | 0.180 | 0.988, 1.066 |
| Toilet | ||||||
| Yes | 1.045 | 0.001 | 1.019, 1.072 | 0.997 | 0.882 | 0.961, 1.034 |
| Telephone | ||||||
| Yes | 1.050 | 0.164 | 0.980, 1.125 | 1.039 | 0.443 | 0.942, 1.145 |
| Quality variables | ||||||
| ISD training in last five years | ||||||
| Yes | 1.036 | 0.004 | 1.011, 1.062 | 1.014 | 0.416 | 0.980, 1.050 |
| VHSC monitoring work | ||||||
| Yes | 1.037 | 0.010 | 1.009, 1.066 | 1.054 | 0.010 | 1.013, 1.096 |
| Other variables | ||||||
| Region | ||||||
| Central | 1.458 | 0.000 | 1.280, 1.661 | 0.978 | 0.792 | 0.832, 1.151 |
| Northeast | 0.943 | 0.476 | 0.801, 1.109 | 1.015 | 0.845 | 0.871, 1.184 |
| East | 1.576 | 0.000 | 1.328, 1.870 | 1.006 | 0.941 | 0.849, 1.193 |
| West | 1.232 | 0.013 | 1.044, 1.455 | 0.993 | 0.924 | 0.860, 1.146 |
| South | 0.947 | 0.479 | 0.815, 1.101 | 0.801 | 0.004 | 0.689, 0.931 |
| ANM’s residence from SC (in km) | ||||||
| 5–20 | 0.974 | 0.172 | 0.938, 1.011 | 0.994 | 0.765 | 0.956, 1.033 |
| 21–40 | 0.916 | 0.011 | 0.857, 0.980 | 0.940 | 0.071 | 0.879, 1.005 |
| >40 | 0.882 | 0.063 | 0.772, 1.007 | 0.906 | 0.152 | 0.792, 1.037 |
| Log of catchment population | 1.303 | 0.000 | 1.275, 1.332 | 1.326 | 0.000 | 1.267, 1.386 |
| Socioeconomic variables | ||||||
| % population in lowest wealth quintile | 0.993 | 0.051 | 0.986, 1.000 | 1.004 | 0.149 | 0.999, 1.009 |
| Total fertility rate | 1.230 | 0.000 | 1.183, 1.280 | 1.112 | 0.000 | 1.051, 1.176 |
| % Hindu population | 1.006 | 0.000 | 1.004, 1.007 | 1.004 | 0.000 | 1.002, 1.005 |
| Maternal education (in years) | 0.910 | 0.000 | 0.895, 0.925 | 0.945 | 0.000 | 0.926, 0.964 |
| Dispersion parameter (alpha) | 0.444 | 0.000 | 0.417, 0.472 | |||
| Likelihood-ratio test of alpha = 0: Chi2Statistic=2230.01 (p= 0.000) | ||||||
Notes.
- IRR
- Incidence Rate Ratio
- CI
- Confidence Interval
- ANM
- Auxiliary Nurse Midwife
- VHSC
- Village Health and Sanitation Committee
- SC
- Sub-Centre/Health Sub-Centre
- BP
- Blood Pressure
- ISDT
- Integrated Skills Development Training
Variance Inflation Factor –1.61 (for detailed VIF, see Table S1).