Table 4. Unadjusted and adjusted incidence rate ratios for postnatal care utilization at health sub-centers in India, 2007–08. (n = 17, 112).
| Outcome: number of postnatal care services provided | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||||
| IRR | P-value | 95% CI | IRR | P-value | 95% CI | |
| Health personnel | ||||||
| Auxiliary Nurse Midwife (ANM) | ||||||
| None | 0.783 | 0.000 | 0.698, 0.877 | 0.832 | 0.000 | 0.775, 0.894 |
| Only Contractual ANM | 0.887 | 0.007 | 0.813, 0.968 | 0.901 | 0.004 | 0.839, 0.968 |
| Both | 1.081 | 0.003 | 1.026, 1.138 | 1.052 | 0.014 | 1.010, 1.095 |
| Drug availability | ||||||
| Essential obstetric drugs | 1.002 | 0.753 | 0.989, 1.015 | 0.999 | 0.759 | 0.989, 1.008 |
| Equipment | ||||||
| BP instrument | ||||||
| Yes | 1.076 | 0.000 | 1.045, 1.109 | 1.053 | 0.001 | 1.022, 1.086 |
| Weighing scale | ||||||
| Yes | 1.068 | 0.000 | 1.036, 1.101 | 1.034 | 0.034 | 1.003, 1.067 |
| Examination table | ||||||
| Available but unusable | 0.935 | 0.014 | 0.887, 0.987 | 0.984 | 0.109 | 0.908, 1.010 |
| Not available | 0.911 | 0.000 | 0.886, 0.937 | 0.939 | 0.000 | 0.921, 0.976 |
| Bed Screen | ||||||
| Available but unusable | 0.951 | 0.142 | 0.889, 1.017 | 0.957 | 0.642 | 0.920, 1.052 |
| Not available | 0.904 | 0.000 | 0.876, 0.932 | 0.948 | 0.000 | 0.910, 0.969 |
| Infrastructure | ||||||
| Electricity | ||||||
| Irregular supply | 0.997 | 0.875 | 0.958, 1.038 | 1.000 | 0.995 | 0.961, 1.041 |
| No connection | 0.936 | 0.000 | 0.902, 0.971 | 0.973 | 0.162 | 0.936, 1.011 |
| Water supply | ||||||
| Yes | 1.024 | 0.099 | 0.996, 1.054 | 0.984 | 0.272 | 0.955, 1.013 |
| Toilet | ||||||
| Yes | 1.077 | 0.000 | 1.049, 1.105 | 1.029 | 0.040 | 1.001, 1.056 |
| Telephone | ||||||
| Yes | 1.163 | 0.000 | 1.083, 1.248 | 1.084 | 0.021 | 1.012, 1.162 |
| Quality variables | ||||||
| ISD training in last five years | ||||||
| Yes | 1.067 | 0.000 | 1.040, 1.094 | 1.030 | 0.028 | 1.003, 1.057 |
| SBA training in last five years | ||||||
| Yes | 1.075 | 0.000 | 1.046, 1.105 | 1.034 | 0.019 | 1.006, 1.064 |
| VHSC monitoring work | ||||||
| Yes | 1.092 | 0.000 | 1.061, 1.124 | 1.083 | 0.000 | 1.052, 1.114 |
| Other variables | ||||||
| Region | ||||||
| Central | 1.517 | 0.000 | 1.330, 1.732 | 1.149 | 0.063 | 0.992, 1.330 |
| Northeast | 0.893 | 0.182 | 0.757, 1.054 | 1.029 | 0.705 | 0.887, 1.194 |
| East | 1.599 | 0.000 | 1.345, 1.901 | 1.222 | 0.025 | 1.026, 1.455 |
| West | 1.561 | 0.000 | 1.320, 1.845 | 1.268 | 0.003 | 1.084, 1.482 |
| South | 1.458 | 0.000 | 1.253, 1.698 | 1.191 | 0.017 | 1.031, 1.376 |
| ANM’s residence from SC (in km) | ||||||
| 5–20 | 0.941 | 0.000 | 0.914, 0.968 | 0.962 | 0.009 | 0.935, 0.991 |
| 21–40 | 0.901 | 0.000 | 0.868, 0.935 | 0.940 | 0.001 | 0.907, 0.976 |
| >40 | 0.853 | 0.000 | 0.795, 0.915 | 0.918 | 0.015 | 0.856, 0.984 |
| Log of catchment population | 1.350 | 0.000 | 1.317, 1.384 | 1.318 | 0.000 | 1.286, 1.352 |
| Socioeconomic variables | ||||||
| % population in lowest wealth quintile | 1.005 | 0.195 | 0.998, 1.012 | 1.007 | 0.024 | 1.001, 1.013 |
| Total fertility rate | 1.071 | 0.002 | 1.026, 1.117 | 1.011 | 0.675 | 0.960, 1.065 |
| % Hindu population | 1.008 | 0.000 | 1.006, 1.009 | 1.004 | 0.000 | 1.002, 1.006 |
| Maternal education (in years) | 0.949 | 0.000 | 0.933, 0.966 | 0.952 | 0.000 | 0.931, 0.973 |
| Dispersion parameter (alpha) | 0.419 | 0.000 | 0.407, 0.432 | |||
| Likelihood-ratio test of alpha=0: Chi2Statistic=1894.2 ( p= 0.000) | ||||||
Notes.
- IRR
- Incidence Rate Ratio
- CI
- Confidence Interval
- ANM
- Auxiliary Nurse Midwife
- VHSC
- Village Health and Sanitation Committee
- SC
- Sub-Centre/Health Sub-Centre
- ISDT
- Integrated Skills Development Training
- SBA
- Skilled Birth Attendance
Mean Variance Inflation Factor –1.63 (for detailed VIF, see Table S3).