Table 5.
Correlates of enteric pathogenic protozoa in water sources-bivariate analysis
| Predictor | N | % | OR* | 95 % CI | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Location of water source | |||||
| Closed | 28 | 54.9 | Ref | ||
| Open | 69 | 66.3 | 1.62 | 0.82–3.21 | 0.16 |
| Lid on water source | |||||
| NA | 87 | 65.1 | Ref | ||
| Yes | 15 | 51.7 | 0.57 | 0.25–1.30 | 0.18 |
| Height above ground level | |||||
| ≤ 1 m | 6 | 60.0 | Ref | ||
| > 1 m | 88 | 62.4 | 1.11 | 0.30–4.10 | 0.88 |
| NA | 3 | 75.0 | 2.00 | 0.15–26.72 | 0.60 |
| Pipes exposed | |||||
| Not exposed | 56 | 58.9 | Ref | ||
| Exposed | 35 | 74.5 | 2.03 | 0.94–4.39 | 0.07 |
| NA | 6 | 46.2 | 0.60 | 0.19–1.91 | 0.40 |
| Distance from toilet | |||||
| ≤ 1 m | 2 | 66.7 | Ref | ||
| 2–10 m | 7 | 77.8 | 1.75 | 0.10–30.82 | 0.70 |
| > 10 m | 88 | 61.5 | 0.80 | 0.07–9.03 | 0.86 |
| Distance from septic tank | |||||
| > 10 m | 77 | 60.2 | Ref | ||
| ≤ 10 m | 20 | 74.1 | 1.89 | 0.75–4.80 | 0.17 |
| Distance from farm | |||||
| ≤ 1 m | 11 | 64.7 | Ref | ||
| 2–10 m | 14 | 63.6 | 0.95 | 0.25–3.57 | 0.94 |
| > 10 m | 72 | 62.1 | 0.89 | 0.31–2.58 | 0.83 |
| Animals around source | |||||
| > 10 m | 94 | 61.8 | Ref | ||
| ≤ 10 m | 3 | 100.0 | 0.00 | 0.00- > 1.0E12 | 0.24 |
| Existence of water source | |||||
| ≤ 5 years | 51 | 72.9 | Ref | ||
| 6–10years | 20 | 54.1 | 0.44 | 0.19–1.01 | 0.05 |
| > 10 years | 26 | 54.2 | 0.44 | 0.20–0.96 | 0.04 |
| Mud | |||||
| Present | 42 | 68.9 | Ref | ||
| Absent | 55 | 58.5 | 0.64 | 0.32–1.26 | 0.19 |
| Covered by cement | |||||
| Present | 64 | 58.7 | Ref | ||
| Absent | 33 | 71.7 | 1.78 | 0.85–3.77 | 0.13 |
| Stagnant water | |||||
| Present | 39 | 68.4 | Ref | ||
| Absent | 58 | 59.2 | 0.67 | 0.33–1.33 | 0.25 |
| Enter water with feet | |||||
| Yes | 4 | 80.0 | Ref | ||
| No/NA | 93 | 62.0 | 0.41 | 0.04–3.74 | 0.38 |
| Cleaning frequency | |||||
| Never/rarely | 17 | 89.5 | Ref | ||
| Weekly | 46 | 57.5 | 0.16 | 0.03–0.73 | 0.02 |
| Monthly | 31 | 60.8 | 0.18 | 0.04–0.87 | 0.03 |
| Yearly | 3 | 60.0 | 0.18 | 0.02–1.78 | 0.14 |
| pH | |||||
| 7 | 72 | 57.6 | Ref | ||
| 6 | 25 | 83.3 | 3.68 | 1.32–10.24 | 0.01 |
| Turbidity | |||||
| Cloudy/contain particles | 11 | 78.6 | Ref | ||
| Clear | 86 | 61.0 | 0.43 | 0.11–1.60 | 0.19 |
| Odour | |||||
| Yes | 9 | 90.0 | Ref | ||
| No | 88 | 60.7 | 0.17 | 0.02–1.39 | 0.06 |
| Sliminess | |||||
| Yes | 4 | 40.0 | Ref | ||
| No | 93 | 64.1 | 2.68 | 0.72–9.94 | 0.12 |
*OR unadjusted odds ratio, OR odds ratio, N frequency of positive sample, % percentage of positive samples, NA not applicable to the factor being studied, Ref reference variable category, CI confidence interval, p-values ≤0.2 suggests a possible association to the presence of enteric pathogenic protozoa