Table 2.
List of identified factors by cluster in ascending order
| Factor # |
Statement by cluster | Priority for Research |
Modifiability | Population Level Effect | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Youth | Adult | Old Adult | |||||
| Cluster 1: Intra-Personal Context and Wellbeing | |||||||
| 3 | Actual Body Mass Index | 3.6 ± 0.7 | 3.6 ± 1.1 | 3.4 ± 1.0 | 3.8 ± 0.9 | 3.4 ± 1.0 | 0.032 |
| 4 | Actual PA level | 4.1 ± 0.6 | 4.1 ± 0.8 | 3.9 ± 1.0 | 4.1 ± 0.8 | 4.0 ± 1.0 | n.s. |
| 5 | Addictions (Smoking Gambling Drugs) | 3.0 ± 0.8 | 3.1 ± 1.1 | 2.7 ± 1.2b | 3.2 ± 1.1a | 2.9 ± 1.2 | 0.015 |
| 7 | Age | 2.4 ± 1.0 | 1.8 ± 1.4 | 3.0 ± 1.4c | 3.2 ± 1.4 | 3.7 ± 1.3a | 0.002 |
| 10 | Beliefs/Values | 3.3 ± 0.8 | 3.2 ± 1.0 | 3.3 ± 1.2 | 3.6 ± 1.1 | 3.6 ± 1.1 | n.s. |
| 11 | Capability to Combine Sport and Education/Work Requirements (Dual Career) | 3.1 ± 0.7 | 3.2 ± 1.0 | 3.4 ± 1.3c | 3.8 ± 1.1c | 1.7 ± 1.0ab | <0.001 |
| 14 | Cognitive Function | 3.0 ± 0.9 | 2.7 ± 1.1 | 3.0 ± 1.3c | 3.1 ± 1.2c | 3.9 ± 1.0ab | <0.001 |
| 15 | Conscious Control of Automated Body Movements | 3.0 ± 0.9 | 3.0 ± 1.1 | 2.9 ± 1.1 | 2.8 ± 1.2 | 3.2 ± 1.3 | n.s. |
| 23 | Emotions | 3.3 ± 0.9 | 3.1 ± 1.3 | 3.5 ± 1.0 | 3.4 ± 1.0 | 3.5 ± 1.1 | n.s. |
| 26 | Fear of Injuries/Falling | 3.1 ± 0.6 | 3.0 ± 0.9 | 2.3 ± 1.1bc | 2.9 ± 0.9ac | 4.6 ± 0.6ab | <0.001 |
| 27 | Feeling of Inadequacy (Too Clumsy/Too Old)/Teasing | 3.3 ± 0.7 | 3.1 ± 1.0 | 3.5 ± 1.1 | 3.2 ± 0.8c | 3.6 ± 1.1b | 0.024 |
| 31 | Gender | 2.1 ± 0.8 | 1.5 ± 1.0 | 2.8 ± 1.3 | 2.7 ± 1.2 | 2.7 ± 1.2 | n.s. |
| 33 | Genetics/Talent | 2.0 ± 0.7 | 1.5 ± 0.9 | 2.9 ± 1.2bc | 2.4 ± 1.2a | 2.2 ± 1.3a | <0.001 |
| 38 | Health Status | 3.7 ± 0.7 | 3.3 ± 0.9 | 3.4 ± 1.1bc | 4.0 ± 0.9ac | 4.4 ± 0.8ab | <0.001 |
| 39 | Hormesis (Dose–response)/Training Response | 2.7 ± 0.9 | 2.7 ± 1.2 | 2.6 ± 1.1 | 2.9 ± 1.0 | 2.6 ± 1.0 | n.s. |
| 41 | Intentions/Attitudes | 3.5 ± 0.8 | 3.4 ± 1.0 | 3.5 ± 1.0 | 3.8 ± 1.1 | 3.8 ± 1.1 | n.s. |
| 44 | Job/Occupation-Related Energy Expenditure | 2.8 ± 0.8 | 2.8 ± 1.2 | 2.2 ± 1.1b | 3.7 ± 1.1ac | 2.0 ± 1.1ab | <0.001 |
| 46 | Level of Autonomy/Time Management | 3.4 ± 0.7 | 3.4 ± 1.0 | 2.9 ± 1.0bc | 3.9 ± 1.0ac | 3.4 ± 1.1ab | <0.001 |
| 47 | Life Satisfaction | 3.4 ± 0.8 | 3.3 ± 0.9 | 2.9 ± 1.2bc | 3.7 ± 1.0a | 3.8 ± 1.0a | <0.001 |
| 57 | Overweight/Obesity In Previous Years | 2.6 ± 0.7 | 2.0 ± 1.1 | 3.1 ± 1.1b | 3.5 ± 1.1a | 3.3 ± 1.1 | 0.028 |
| 64 | Past Exercise Behaviour/Experience | 2.7 ± 0.8 | 1.9 ± 1.2 | 3.2 ± 1.2c | 3.5 ± 1.1 | 3.8 ± 1.1a | 0.003 |
| 65 | Perceived Barriers | 3.4 ± 0.7 | 3.2 ± 1.0 | 3.3 ± 1.1c | 3.6 ± 1.0c | 4.1 ± 0.9ab | <0.001 |
| 66 | Perceived Benefits of PA | 3.7 ± 0.7 | 3.7 ± 1.0 | 3.1 ± 1.2bc | 3.9 ± 1.0a | 4.0 ± 0.9a | <0.001 |
| 67 | Perceived Fatigue/Adverse Physiological Response | 3.3 ± 0.8 | 3.2 ± 1.0 | 3.0 ± 1.1c | 3.4 ± 1.0§ | 3.9 ± 1.0ab | <0.001 |
| 68 | Perceived Safe Environment | 3.3 ± 0.7 | 3.1 ± 1.0 | 3.1 ± 1.2§ | 3.3 ± 0.9c | 4.0 ± 0.9ab | <0.001 |
| 70 | Perceived Stress/Life Stressors | 3.1 ± 0.7 | 3.0 ± 1.0 | 2.8 ± 1.2bc | 3.7 ± 0.9ac | 3.3 ± 0.9ab | <0.001 |
| 71 | Personal Goals/Outcome Expectancies/Achievement Orientation/Motivation | 3.8 ± 0.7 | 3.8 ± 1.0 | 3.6 ± 1.2a | 4.1 ± 1.0a | 3.8 ± 1.0 | 0.026 |
| 72 | Personality Traits | 2.8 ± 1.0 | 2.3 ± 1.1 | 3.2 ± 1.2 | 3.4 ± 1.2 | 3.3 ± 1.3 | n.s. |
| 73 | Physical Fitness Levels (Strength, Endurance, Coordination, Agility, Flexibility) | 3.9 ± 0.7 | 3.9 ± 0.9 | 3.7 ± 1.0 | 3.7 ± 1.0c | 4.1 ± 1.0b | 0.022 |
| 76 | Psychological Disorders (Depression, Eating Disorders, Emotional Symptoms) | 3.1 ± 0.8 | 2.8 ± 1.0 | 3.0 ± 1.2c | 3.4 ± 1.2 | 3.6 ± 1.0a | 0.002 |
| 85 | Self PA Monitoring | 3.5 ± 0.7 | 3.6 ± 1.1 | 3.1 ± 1.2b | 3.6 ± 0.8ac | 3.2 ± 0.9b | 0.002 |
| 86 | Self Perceptions (Awareness, Confidence, Efficacy, Body Image, PA level) | 3.6 ± 0.8 | 3.4 ± 1.0 | 3.5 ± 1.0 | 3.8 ± 1.0 | 3.7 ± 1.0 | n.s. |
| 87 | Self-Regulatory Ability | 3.2 ± 0.9 | 3.2 ± 1.2 | 3.0 ± 1.0bc | 3.4 ± 1.1a | 3.5 ± 0.9a | 0.003 |
| 88 | Sensation Seeking | 2.6 ± 0.9 | 2.5 ± 1.8 | 3.0 ± 1.3c | 2.9 ± 1.2c | 2.2 ± 1.0ab | <0.001 |
| 89 | Sleep Quality/Quantity | 3.2 ± 0.9 | 3.2 ± 1.1 | 3.1 ± 1.2c | 3.3 ± 1.1 | 3.6 ± 1.0a | 0.012 |
| 98 | Sub-Pathology/Pathology/Injuries/Pain/Rehabilitation | 3.0 ± 0.8 | 2.6 ± 1.1 | 2.6 ± 1.2bc | 3.2 ± 1.1ac | 4.0 ± 1.1ab | <0.001 |
| 100 | Time Availability | 3.3 ± 0.7 | 3.2 ± 1.0 | 3.3 ± 1.0bc | 4.2 ± 0.8ac | 2.8 ± 1.1ab | <0.001 |
| Cluster 2: Family and Socio-Economic Status | |||||||
| 22 | Educational Level (Parents/Relatives) | 2.6 ± 0.8 | 2.1 ± 1.2 | 3.4 ± 1.1c | 3.2 ± 1.1 | 2.8 ± 1.3a | 0.003 |
| 25 | Ethnicity | 1.9 ± 0.7 | 1.5 ± 1.0 | 2.4 ± 1.1 | 2.2 ± 1.0 | 2.4 ± 1.2 | n.s. |
| 51 | Marital Status (for Children: Marital Status of Parents) | 2.4 ± 0.8 | 2.3 ± 1.2 | 2.1 ± 1.0bc | 2.8 ± 1.1a | 2.7 ± 1.2a | <0.001 |
| 63 | Parents/Relatives/Peers Body Mass Index | 2.5 ± 0.8 | 2.3 ± 1.1 | 3.0 ± 1.1c | 2.8 ± 1.1c | 2.2 ± 1.1ab | <0.001 |
| 69 | Perceived Social Role | 3.0 ± 0.8 | 2.9 ± 1.0 | 3.0 ± 1.3 | 3.1 ± 0.9 | 3.0 ± 1.0 | n.s. |
| 81 | Rewards (Encouragement/Support) | 3.5 ± 0.8 | 3.7 ± 1.0 | 3.7 ± 1.2bc | 3.2 ± 1.0a | 3.1 ± 1.0a | <0.001 |
| 90 | Social Competence/Role | 3.0 ± 0.8 | 3.0 ± 1.0 | 2.9 ± 1.2 | 3.1 ± 1.0 | 3.1 ± 1.0 | n.s. |
| 91 | Social Economic Status/Personal Income (for Children: Parents’ Income)/ Level of Education | 2.9 ± 0.8 | 2.5 ± 1.0 | 3.4 ± 0.9 | 3.5 ± 0.9 | 3.3 ± 1.0 | n.s. |
| Cluster 3: Policy and Provision | |||||||
| 1 | Academic Training Programmes for Health Practitioners | 3.2 ± 0.8 | 3.7 ± 1.1 | 2.7 ± 1.2 | 2.8 ± 1.1 | 2.9 ± 1.2 | n.s. |
| 8 | Architecture and Urbanization (Availability/Access/Proximity of Elevators Escalators Facilities In Public Buildings) |
3.0 ± 0.9 | 2.9 ± 1.2 | 2.8 ± 1.0bc | 3.2 ± 1.1a | 3.5 ± 1.1a | <0.001 |
| 9 | Availability/Access/Proximity of PA Organized Sport Facilities Tools | 3.6 ± 0.7 | 3.4 ± 1.0 | 3.9 ± 0.8 | 3.6 ± 0.9 | 3.7 ± 1.0 | n.s. |
| 12 | City Planning | 3.0 ± 0.9 | 3.0 ± 1.1 | 2.8 ± 1.1 | 3.1 ± 1.1 | 3.1 ± 1.1 | n.s. |
| 13 | City/Nation Density | 2.0 ± 0.8 | 1.8 ± 0.9 | 2.1 ± 1.1 | 2.1 ± 1.0 | 2.2 ± 1.1 | n.s. |
| 16 | Corporate Social Responsibilities | 2.6 ± 0.8 | 2.8 ± 1.0 | 2.1 ± 1.0b | 2.7 ± 1.1a | 2.3 ± 1.1 | 0.004 |
| 17 | Corporate Social Responsibility Interventions | 2.8 ± 0.7 | 3.0 ± 1.0 | 2.3 ± 1.2b | 2.9 ± 1.1ac | 2.3 ± 1.2b | 0.001 |
| 20 | Distance to School/Work/Destination | 3.0 ± 0.7 | 2.7 ± 1.0 | 3.5 ± 0.9c | 3.5 ± 1.1c | 2.8 ± 1.4ab | <0.001 |
| 21 | Education Policies | 2.9 ± 0.9 | 3.2 ± 1.1 | 3.6 ± 1.1bc | 2.3 ± 1.1a | 2.1 ± 1.1a | <0.001 |
| 24 | Environmental Policies | 3.0 ± 0.9 | 3.3 ± 1.1 | 2.6 ± 1.1 | 2.8 ± 1.1 | 2.7 ± 1.0 | n.s. |
| 28 | Financial Measures and Regulation for PA and Sport | 3.0 ± 0.8 | 3.0 ± 1.1 | 2.9 ± 1.0 | 3.0 ± 1.0 | 2.7 ± 1.1 | n.s. |
| 29 | Fiscal Advantages For Sport Clubs/PA Services | 2.9 ± 0.9 | 3.0 ± 1.1 | 2.8 ± 1.1 | 2.9 ± 1.2 | 2.5 ± 1.1 | n.s. |
| 30 | Funding for Sport Federation | 2.7 ± 0.8 | 3.0 ± 1.0 | 2.7 ± 1.0c | 2.5 ± 1.0c | 2.1 ± 1.0ab | <0.001 |
| 37 | Health Education | 3.5 ± 0.7 | 3.7 ± 1.1 | 3.3 ± 1.2 | 3.3 ± 1.0 | 3.3 ± 1.0 | n.s. |
| 40 | Indoor Condition (Air Conditioning) | 2.8 ± 0.8 | 3.1 ± 1.2 | 2.1 ± 0.9c | 2.4 ± 0.8 | 2.8 ± 1.0a | <0.001 |
| 45 | Leisure Activity Subsidy | 3.0 ± 0.8 | 2.9 ± 1.1 | 3.0 ± 1.0 | 3.0 ± 1.0 | 3.0 ± 1.1 | n.s. |
| 48 | Lobbying | 2.4 ± 0.9 | 2.8 ± 1.3 | 1.9 ± 1.0 | 2.3 ± 1.1 | 2.0 ± 1.0 | n.s. |
| 50 | Mandatory PA in Community/Schools | 3.1 ± 0.8 | 3.4 ± 1.1 | 4.0 ± 1.0bc | 2.4 ± 1.1a | 2.3 ± 1.3a | <0.001 |
| 53 | Media and Advertising Regulation by Public Authorities Corporate Social Responsibility Programmes |
3.0 ± 0.8 | 3.2 ± 1.1 | 2.8 ± 1.2 | 2.8 ± 1.1 | 2.5 ± 1.0 | n.s. |
| 54 | Mobility Policy | 2.8 ± 0.9 | 3.0 ± 1.2 | 2.4 ± 1.0c | 2.6 ± 1.1c | 3.1 ± 1.2ab | <0.001 |
| 56 | Outdoor Condition (Pollution and Weather-Season) | 2.6 ± 0.6 | 2.3 ± 1.1 | 2.8 ± 1.0c | 3.0 ± 0.9c | 3.4 ± 1.0ab | <0.001 |
| 58 | PA and Sport Organizations Advocacy | 3.1 ± 0.9 | 3.2 ± 1.1 | 3.1 ± 1.1 | 2.9 ± 1.1 | 2.8 ± 1.2 | n.s. |
| 59 | PA Education (at School/Work)/Knowledge of Effects of PA | 3.4 ± 0.9 | 3.6 ± 1.1 | 3.7 ± 1.1bc | 3.2 ± 1.3a | 2.8 ± 1.1a | <0.001 |
| 60 | PA Programs in School/Office/Community | 3.6 ± 0.8 | 3.6 ± 1.0 | 4.1 ± 1.0bc | 3.4 ± 1.1a | 3.4 ± 1.2a | <0.001 |
| 61 | PA Programs/Plans | 3.6 ± 0.8 | 3.6 ± 1.1 | 3.8 ± 1.0 | 3.5 ± 1.1 | 3.6 ± 1.1 | n.s. |
| 77 | Public Health | 3.0 ± 0.8 | 2.9 ± 1.1 | 2.5 ± 1.1bc | 3.1 ± 1.1a | 3.4 ± 1.1a | <0.001 |
| 78 | Public Organized Sport Events/PA Activities (Field Trips) | 3.4 ± 0.7 | 3.6 ± 1.0 | 3.4 ± 1.0 | 3.0 ± 1.0 | 3.3 ± 1.1 | n.s. |
| 79 | Public Transport Policies | 3.0 ± 0.9 | 3.0 ± 1.1 | 2.7 ± 1.0 | 2.9 ± 1.1 | 3.2 ± 1.0 | n.s. |
| 80 | Public Transport System | 3.1 ± 0.8 | 3.0 ± 1.1 | 3.1 ± 0.9 | 3.0 ± 1.1c | 3.4 ± 1.0b | 0.034 |
| 82 | Rights of Citizenship | 1.9 ± 0.8 | 2.1 ± 1.1 | 1.7 ± 0.9 | 1.9 ± 0.9 | 1.7 ± 0.9 | n.s. |
| 83 | School/Office Hours | 2.7 ± 0.7 | 2.5 ± 1.0 | 3.3 ± 1.1bc | 3.8 ± 0.9ac | 1.7 ± 0.9ab | <0.001 |
| 84 | School/Office Space | 2.7 ± 0.8 | 2.7 ± 1.1 | 3.5 ± 1.1c | 3.2 ± 1.2c | 1.6 ± 0.8ab | <0.001 |
| 96 | Sport Science Research | 3.1 ± 0.9 | 3.5 ± 1.2 | 2.6 ± 1.1 | 2.7 ± 1.1 | 2.5 ± 1.1 | n.s. |
| 97 | Sports Facilities | 3.4 ± 0.7 | 3.3 ± 1.1 | 3.7 ± 0.9c | 3.7 ± 0.8c | 3.2 ± 0.9ab | 0.001 |
| 102 | Traffic | 2.7 ± 0.9 | 2.6 ± 1.1 | 2.7 ± 1.1 | 2.8 ± 1.0 | 2.9 ± 1.2 | n.s. |
| 103 | Traffic Policies | 2.8 ± 0.9 | 2.9 ± 1.2 | 2.5 ± 1.1 | 2.8 ± 1.0 | 2.8 ± 1.2 | n.s. |
| 104 | Transport Policies | 2.9 ± 0.9 | 3.0 ± 1.2 | 2.6 ± 1.1c | 2.8 ± 1.1 | 3.1 ± 1.2a | 0.014 |
| 106 | Urban Planning Policies | 3.0 ± 1.0 | 3.0 ± 1.2 | 2.8 ± 1.1 | 2.9 ± 1.2 | 3.0 ± 1.2 | n.s. |
| Cluster 4: Cultural Context and Media | |||||||
| 6 | Advertisement | 3.1 ± 0.9 | 3.3 ± 1.2 | 3.1 ± 1.1c | 2.8 ± 1.0 | 2.6 ± 1.1a | 0.004 |
| 18 | Cultural Climate | 2.6 ± 0.8 | 2.4 ± 1.0 | 2.8 ± 1.1 | 2.9 ± 1.1 | 2.9 ± 1.2 | n.s. |
| 19 | Cyber Space | 2.7 ± 0.9 | 3.0 ± 1.3 | 3.3 ± 1.4bc | 2.5 ± 1.1ac | 1.8 ± 0.9ab | <0.001 |
| 32 | Gender Equality | 2.6 ± 0.8 | 2.6 ± 1.1 | 2.7 ± 1.3 | 2.8 ± 1.2c | 2.3 ± 1.0b | 0.040 |
| 35 | Group Activity (Outdoor/Indoor) | 3.6 ± 0.7 | 3.5 ± 0.9 | 3.8 ± 0.8b | 3.5 ± 0.8a | 3.8 ± 0.9 | 0.016 |
| 42 | Internet Availability | 3.1 ± 0.9 | 3.4 ± 1.2 | 3.3 ± 1.2bc | 2.7 ± 1.2ac | 2.1 ± 1.0ab | <0.001 |
| 49 | Local/National/Traditions Identity | 2.3 ± 0.9 | 2.0 ± 1.0 | 2.6 ± 1.2 | 2.5 ± 1.1 | 2.6 ± 1.1 | n.s. |
| 52 | Media | 3.2 ± 0.8 | 3.3 ± 1.1 | 3.4 ± 1.1c | 3.0 ± 1.1 | 2.7 ± 1.0a | 0.001 |
| 94 | Social Media | 3.2 ± 0.9 | 3.5 ± 1.2 | 3.7 ± 1.2bc | 3.0 ± 1.0ac | 2.2 ± 0.9ab | <0.001 |
| 95 | Social Trends | 3.0 ± 0.8 | 3.0 ± 1.1 | 3.3 ± 1.2c | 3.2 ± 1.0c | 2.6 ± 0.9ab | <0.001 |
| 105 | Tv Exposure | 3.6 ± 1.0 | 3.7 ± 1.2 | 3.8 ± 1.1bc | 3.3 ± 1.1a | 3.1 ± 1.4a | 0.001 |
| Cluster 5: Social Support and Modelling | |||||||
| 34 | Group (Family Peers Partner) PA Behaviours | 3.5 ± 0.6 | 3.1 ± 1.0 | 4.1 ± 0.9bc | 3.6 ± 1.0a | 3.7 ± 1.0a | 0.010 |
| 36 | Group Health Habits | 3.4 ± 0.8 | 3.2 ± 1.1 | 3.7 ± 1.1 | 3.5 ± 1.0 | 3.8 ± 0.9 | n.s. |
| 62 | Parents/Relatives’ Concern About the Environment | 2.5 ± 0.7 | 2.5 ± 0.9 | 2.9 ± 1.1bc | 2.0 ± 0.9a | 2.4 ± 1.1a | <0.001 |
| 92 | Social Expectation | 2.9 ± 0.8 | 2.8 ± 1.1 | 3.3 ± 1.1c | 3.1 ± 0.9 | 2.8 ± 0.9a | 0.032 |
| 93 | Social Inclusion | 3.1 ± 0.8 | 2.8 ± 1.1 | 3.3 ± 1.1 | 3.1 ± 1.0 | 3.5 ± 1.1 | n.s. |
| 99 | Support of Family/Peers/Partner | 3.7 ± 0.6 | 3.3 ± 0.9 | 4.2 ± 0.9 | 3.8 ± 0.9 | 4.0 ± 0.9 | n.s. |
| Cluster 6: Supportive Environment | |||||||
| 2 | Access to Personal/Family/Peer Transport | 3.2 ± 0.7 | 3.0 ± 0.9 | 3.3 ± 1.0 | 3.1 ± 1.1c | 3.5 ± 1.0b | 0.028 |
| 43 | Involvement in Organized Sport | 3.7 ± 0.8 | 3.7 ± 1.0 | 4.1 ± 0.9bc | 3.6 ± 1.0ac | 3.2 ± 1.2ab | <0.001 |
| 55 | Number of Household Cars/Car Ownership | 2.7 ± 0.8 | 2.6 ± 1.1 | 2.7 ± 0.9 | 2.9 ± 1.0 | 2.6 ± 1.0 | n.s. |
| 74 | Physician Advices | 3.4 ± 0.8 | 3.5 ± 1.3 | 2.6 ± 1.0bc | 3.3 ± 0.9ac | 4.1 ± 0.8ab | <0.001 |
| 75 | Private Environment (Home/Backyard Space) | 3.1 ± 0.9 | 2.9 ± 1.1 | 3.3 ± 1.1 | 3.0 ± 1.0c | 3.5 ± 1.1b | 0.023 |
| 101 | Time Spent Outdoor/Playing Spaces | 3.6 ± 0.8 | 3.7 ± 0.9 | 4.1 ± 0.9bc | 3.1 ± 1.1a | 3.2 ± 1.2a | <0.001 |
Means ± SD of Ratings (Likert scale: 1 = lowest value, 5 = highest value) and Differences (p < 0.05) between Population-Level Effect
a = differences (p < 0.05) with respect to the youth population
b = differences (p < 0.05) with respect to the adult population
c = differences (p < 0.05) with respect to the older adult population
n.s. = not significant