Figure 4. Schematized ERP components between species, human developmental stages and conditions.

Human results schematized from Mueller, et al.¹⁷, depicting the mature ERP components from infants who acquired the non-adjacent rule with passive habituation (a), adult ERPs after passive exposure (b) and ERPs from adults that acquired the non-adjacent rule through an active task (d). The macaque ERP components illustrated are those found in this study in the late sessions (c). In macaques, an MMR was produced for the pitch deviant at ~200 ms. Only infants and macaques showed similar MMRs for the rule deviant as for the pitch deviant. In human adults no rule MMR is observed under passive conditions (b), and a negativity is observed in adults under the active rule conditions, evidenced as an N2 component that occurs later than the MMR (d). In human adult and macaque ERPs, later positivities are also observed for the rule and pitch conditions (c,d), which are not evident in the infant results (a). See text for discussion.