Figure 3.

DNA damage following treatment of vascular smooth muscle cells with Iso, in the presence or absence of CGA pretreatment, as determined by western blot analysis. (A) Alterations in the protein expression levels of the nuclear protein γ-H2AX. TBP served as a loading control. (B) Alterations in the protein expression levels of p-ATR, p-ATM, BRCA-1 and Chk2. GAPDH served as a loading control. The western blot represents one of at least three independent experiments that demonstrated similar results. *P<0.05 vs. control. Iso, isoproterenol; CGA, chlorogenic acid; γ-H2AX, γ-H2A histone family member X; TBP, TATA binding protein; p, phosphorylated; ATR, Rad3-related protein; ATM, ataxia telangiectasia mutated; BRCA1, breast cancer 1; Chk2, C-terminal Src homologous kinase 2; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.