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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Nov 9.
Published in final edited form as: Int Health. 2013 Jun 26;5(3):180–195. doi: 10.1093/inthealth/iht011

Table 1.

Baseline cluster-level characteristics by randomized controlled trial arm

Variablea No FI FI No CI CI Control FI CI FI + CI Rangeb
No. of clusters     29     32     29     32     17     15     15     14     14 – 17
Baseline MMR Mean   487   316   460   350   561   336   403   298 336–561
SEM   107     73     94     95   147   104   160   105
Baseline NMR Mean     30.7     28.5      32.5      26.7      31.8      33.3      29.4      24.0 24.0–33.3
SEM       2.5       2.9        2.91        2.36         4.2         4.1         2.6         3.9
Baseline PMR Mean     57.0     54.6      55.9      55.8       55.5       56.4       58.7       52.9 52.9–58.7
SEM       4.6       3.6        3.9        4.5         5.9         5.2         7.5         5.1
Baseline skilled birth attendance (%) Mean     45.5     50.1      48.8      46.5       49.6      47.9      40.8      52.2 40.8–52.2
SEM       3.1       3.6        3.6        3.1        4.8        5.6        3.5        4.8
Deliveries per month per nurse at nearest HC Mean     21.2      25.2      22.9      23.4      21.4      24.8      21.0      25.6 21.4–25.6
SEM       2.6        2.6        2.1        3.0        3.0        3.1        4.5        4.2
Signal function availability at HC (no. of functions) Mean       1.66        1.81        1.85        1.59        1.72        2.04        1.58        1.59 1.58–2.04
SEM       0.24        0.28        0.2        0.3        0.25        0.35        0.43        0.43
Baseline staff psychology score Mean       2.40       2.46       2.31       2.53       2.29       2.35       2.52       2.54 2.29–2.54
   (average of 19 questions on a scale of 1 [=bad] to 5 [=good]) SEM       0.07       0.07       0.08       0.06       0.09       0.16       0.10       0.06
Urban (=1), periurban (=0.5) or rural (=0) setting Mean       0.16       0.19       0.23       0.12       0.18       0.29       0.13       0.10 0.10–0.29
SEM       0.06       0.06       0.07       0.05       0.1       0.11       0.08       0.05
Access by tar road (=1) or dirt road (=0) Mean       0.41       0.45       0.39       0.47       0.35       0.43       0.47       0.47 0.35–0.47
SEM       0.09       0.09       0.09       0.09       0.12       0.14       0.13       0.13
Christian Hospital Association of Malawi (=1) or government (=0) run Mean       0.22       0.14       0.19       0.17       0.18       0.21       0.27       0.07 0.07–0.27
SEM       0.07       0.07       0.07       0.07       0.1       0.11       0.12       0.07
Tobacco estates (=1) or not (=0) Mean       0.16       0.21       0.16       0.20       0.18       0.14       0.13       0.27 0.13–0.27
SEM       0.07       0.08       0.07       0.07       0.1       0.10       0.09       0.12

Mean of cluster rates or ratios. Table 2 contains the overall rates or ratios for each study arm or group of two arms.

CI: community intervention; FI: facilities intervention; HC: health centre; MMR: maternal mortality ratio; NMR: neonatal mortality rate; PMR: perinatal mortality rate.

a

No other data on characteristics of women, e.g. tribe, age, socioeconomic status or parity, was collected due to the simple and low-cost nature of the community surveillance system.

b

Differences are not tested for statistical significance as, given the randomization process, the null hypothesis of no difference is already true, and any significant differences that were found would be due to chance.