Table 1. Maternal characteristics of the sample, Ukraine, 2006–2011.
| Variable | HEa (N = 22) | HEua (N = 23) | UE (N = 23) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mother’s age at enrollment (momage) | 26.95 ±6.00 | 24.04 ± 4.40 | 26.30 ± 4.70 | 0.1377a | |
| Gestational age at enrollment | 18.60 ± 4.83 | 19.13 ± 5.90 | 17.94 ± 6.38 | 0.5051a | |
| Recruitment site | Khmelnytsky | 50.0% (11) | 17.4% (04) | 21.7% (05) | 0.0467b |
| Rivne | 50.0% (11) | 82.6% (19) | 78.3% (18) | ||
| Marital status | Married or cohabiting | 72.7% (16) | 91.3% (21) | 100.0% (23) | 0.0093 b |
| Single/separated/divorced | 27.3% (06) | 8.7% (02) | 0.0% (00) | ||
| Education | Less than high school | 13.6% (03) | 8.7% (02) | 0.0% (00) | 0.0246 b |
| High school or equivalent | 54.5% (12) | 60.9% (14) | 30.4% (07) | ||
| Some college or higher | 31.8% (07) | 30.4% (07) | 69.6% (16) | ||
| Socio-economic category (sescat, Hollingshead score) | 55–66 | 9.1% (02) | 8.7% (02) | 17.4% (04) | 0.0315 a |
| 40–54 | 13.6% (03) | 17.4% (04) | 43.5% (10) | ||
| 30–39 | 45.5% (10) | 43.5% (10) | 21.7% (05) | ||
| 20–29 | 4.5% (01) | 26.1% (06) | 17.4% (04) | ||
| 08–19 | 27.3% (06) | 4.3% (01) | 0.0% (00) | ||
| Gravidity | >1 | 54.5% (12) | 34.8% (08) | 56.5% (13) | 0.3032b |
| 1 | 45.5% (10) | 65.2% (15) | 43.5% (10) | ||
| Parity | >0 | 40.9% (09) | 30.4% (07) | 47.8% (11) | 0.4767b |
| 0 | 59.1% (13) | 69.6% (16) | 52.2% (12) | ||
| Body Mass Index | 22.01 ± 4.55 | 22.75 ± 3.98 | 21.18 ± 3.05 | 0.3701a | |
| Smoking status (smokstat) | Current Smoker | 31.8% (07) | 21.7% (05) | 0.0% (00) | 0.0001 b |
| Never Smoked | 22.7% (05) | 21.7% (05) | 95.7% (22) | ||
| Quit after realized pregnant | 36.4% (08) | 34.8% (08) | 0.0% (00) | ||
| Quit Before Pregnancy | 9.1% (02) | 21.7% (05) | 4.3% (01) | ||
| Number of cigarettes per day during pregnancy | 2.50 ±4.34 | 0.87 ±2.26 | 0.00 ±0.00 | 0.0142 a | |
| Multi-Vitamins after enroll | No | 36.4% (08) | 39.1% (09) | 43.5% (10) | 0.2216a |
| Yes | 63.6% (14) | 60.9% (14) | 56.5% (13) | ||
| Multi-vitamins pre-enroll | No | 36.4% (08) | 21.7% (05) | 26.1% (06) | 0.5392a |
| Yes | 63.6% (14) | 78.3% (18) | 73.9% (17) | ||
| Gestational age at 1st blood draw | 19.09 ± 5.18 | 18.30 ± 5.82 | 18.00 ± 4.45 | 0.7241a | |
| Gestational age at 2nd blood draw | 32.95 ± 2.77 | 33.52 ± 2.50 | 32.26 ± 3.15 | 0.2238a | |
| AAD0: Absolute ounces of alcohol per day at time of conception | 0.69 ±0.65 | 0.50 ±0.27 | 0.00 ±0.00 | 0.0001 a | |
| AADD0: Absolute ounces of alcohol per drinking day at time of conception | 1.72 ±1.33 | 1.50 ±1.05 | 0.00 ±0.00 | 0.0001 a | |
| AADXP: absolute ounces of alcohol per day in two weeks prior to enrollment | 0.09 ±0.17 | 0.03 ±0.06 | 0.00 ±0.00 | 0.0003 a | |
| AADDXP: Absolute ounces of alcohol per drinking day in two weeks prior to enrollment | 0.55 ±0.79 | 0.24 ±0.35 | 0.00 ±0.00 | 0.0002 a | |
x ± y represents the mean ± standard deviation, (n) = sample size. P-values in Bold are statistically significant.
a Kruskal-Wallis Rank Sum Test
b Fisher's Exact Test