Table 3. Patient characteristics at antiretroviral therapy initiation associated with LTFU.
| Lost to follow up | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Following multiple imputation (N = 3,496) | ||||||
| Patient characteristics | Rate/100py (95% CI) | P values | Un-adjusted Haz. Ratio (95%CI) | P values | #Adjusted Haz. Ratio (95%CI) | P values |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 11.68 (10.7–12.7) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
| Male | 13.56 (12.1–15.1) | <0.01 | 1.13 (0.95–1.34) | 0.16 | 1.36 (1.16–1.59) | <0.01 |
| Employment Status | ||||||
| Employ | 10.96 (10.0–12.0) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
| not currently employed | 14.66 (13.3–16.1) | 0.58 | 1.31 (0.96–1.77) | 0.08 | 1.04 (0.84–1.30) | 0.72 |
| Educational status | ||||||
| Tertiary | 9.45 (8.18–11.0) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
| Secondary school | 11.1 (10.0–12.4) | 0.04 | 1.09 (0.90–1.32) | 0.35 | 1.15 (0.96–1.4) | 0.13 |
| Primary school | 14.4 (12.7–16.4) | <0.01 | 1.39 (1.12–1.7) | 0.00 | 1.41 (1.14–1.7) | <0.01 |
| None | 19.7 (16.8–23.0) | <0.01 | 1.87 (1.33–2.64) | 0.00 | 1.59 (1.14–2.2) | 0.01 |
| CD4 at ART Start | ||||||
| >350 | 9.4 (7.4–12.1) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
| 201–350 | 10.6 (9.4–11.8) | 0.10 | 0.95 (0.65–1.4) | 0.77 | 0.98 (0.60–1.27) | 0.92 |
| 101–200 | 11.6(10.4–12.9) | 0.01 | 1.18 (0.78–1.8) | 0.43 | 1.19 (0.89–1.59) | 0.24 |
| <100 | 13.8(12.4–15.3) | 0.01 | 1.16 (0.74–1.8) | 0.51 | 1.1 (0.79–1.47) | 0.64 |
| WHO Clinical stage at ART start | ||||||
| Stage I | 7.9 (6.9–9.0) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
| Stage II | 10.0 (8.9–11.3) | 0.90 | 1.23 (0.93–1.7) | 0.14 | 0.91 (0.74–1.12) | 0.38 |
| Stage III | 14.2 (13.1–15.5) | 0.84 | 1.59 (1.22–2.07) | 0.00 | 0.96 (0.76–1.22) | 0.76 |
| Stage IV | 20.5 (17.2–25.4) | 0.95 | 2.10 (1.22–3.63) | 0.00 | 1.04 (0.77–1.40) | 0.80 |
| Baseline weight | ||||||
| >60 kg | 8.6 (7.7–9.6) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
| 45–60 kg | 12.5 (11.5–13.5) | 0.03 | 1.34 (1.16–1.56) | 0.00 | 1.16 (0.97–1.4) | 0.11 |
| <45 kg | 19.9 (17.3–23.1) | <0.01 | 2.07 (1.59–2.72) | 0.00 | 1.65 (1.23–2.21) | 0.00 |
| Baseline hemoglobin | ||||||
| Not anemic | 8.8 (7.5–10.5) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
| Mild anemia | 10.9 (9.1–13.0) | 0.01 | 1.30 (0.98–1.71) | 0.06 | 1.21 (0.93–1.59) | 0.16 |
| Moderate anemia | 13.0 (11.8–14.4) | <0.01 | 1.60 (1.26–2.05) | 0.00 | 1.46 (1.13–1.90) | 0.01 |
| Severe anemia | 14.5 (12.0–17.4) | <0.01 | 1.73 (1.2–2.4) | 0.00 | 1.38 (1.0–1.9) | 0.05 |
| Age at ART start | ||||||
| 19–24 | 14.4 (12.2–16.9) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
| 25–34 | 11.7 (10.7–12.8) | 0.58 | 0.80 (0.69–0.95) | 0.01 | 0.92 (0.78–1.08) | 0.32 |
| 35–44 | 11.3 (10.2–12.5) | 0.63 | 0.79 (0.64–0.97) | 0.02 | 0.90 (0.73–1.09) | 0.28 |
| 45–54 | 10.0 (8.3–11.9) | 0.38 | 0.69 (0.52–0.9) | 0.01 | 0.75 (0.52–1.1) | 0.12 |
| >55 | 14.3 (10.9–18.9) | 0.86 | 0.95 (0.67–1.35 | 0.78 | 0.89 (0.60–1.33) | 0.58 |
| Clinic Size | ||||||
| Large (>1,500) | 10.4 (9.7–11.2) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
| Medium (500–1499) | 9.5 (8.3–10.9) | 0.29 | 0.72 (0.45–1.2) | 0.17 | 0.69 (0.45–1.1) | 0.08 |
| Small (<500 patients) | 36.0 (31.5–41.1) | 0.05 | 2.01 (0.70–5.80) | 0.20 | 1.63 (1.1–2.4) | 0.01 |
| Region of the Country | ||||||
| North Central | 8.1 (7.2–9.1) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
| North-East | 26.1 (23.0–29.6) | 0.03 | 3.26 (1.61–6.6) | 0.00 | 3.11 (1.7–6.0) | <0.01 |
| North-West | 11.2 (9.6–13.0) | 0.78 | 0.95 (0.4–2.1) | 0.91 | 1.08 (0.5–2.3) | 0.85 |
| South-East | 6.2 (4.9–7.7) | 0.50 | 0.58 (0.3–1.3) | 0.18 | 0.54 (0.2–1.5) | 0.23 |
| South-South | 22.8 (20.1–25.8) | <0.01 | 2.39 (1.4–4.1) | 0.00 | 2.12 (1.5–3.0) | <0.01 |
| South-West | 9.1 (7.8–10.7) | 0.23 | 1.13 (0.7–1.7) | 0.58 | 1.19 (0.9–1.8) | 0.28 |
| Baseline functional status | ||||||
| Asymptomatic | 9.8 (9.0–10.5) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
| Symptomatic | 15.9 (14.3–17.4) | 0.08 | 1.72 (1.3–2.3) | 0.00 | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | 0.04 |
| Bedridden | 17.2 (12.7–23.4) | 0.10 | 1.69 (0.9–3.3) | 0.12 | 1.27 (0.8–1.9) | 0.26 |
| Marital | ||||||
| Single | 15.1 (13.2–17.4) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
| Married | 11.6 (10.7–12.6) | 0.13 | 0.82 (0.7–1.0) | 0.02 | 0.88 (0.7–1.1) | 0.17 |
| Divorced/separated | 13.7 (10.6–17.8) | 0.26 | 0.97 (0.7–1.3) | 0.82 | 0.87 (0.7–1.1) | 0.27 |
| Widowed | 10.6 (8.6–13.0) | 0.09 | 0.74 (0.6–1.0) | 0.04 | 0.77 (0.6–1.1) | 0.10 |
| NRTI Backbone | ||||||
| D4T | 9.7 (8.6–10.9) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
| TDF | 14.4 (12.7–16.3) | 0.35 | 1.21 (0.8–1.9) | 0.38 | 1.06 (0.8–1.4) | 0.72 |
| AZT | 11.8 (10.9–12.8) | 0.30 | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 0.61 | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | 0.59 |
| *Sub-optimal regimen | 17.6 (11.9–26.0) | <0.01 | 1.61 (0.9–2.8) | 0.09 | 2.0 (1.2–3.5) | 0.01 |
| CTX at ART initiation | ||||||
| Yes | 12.5 (11.8–13.4) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
| No | 8.9 (7.7–10.2) | 0.37 | 0.7 (0.5–1.1) | 0.11 | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 0.90 |
| Year of ART start | ||||||
| 2004–2006 | 9.0 (7.7–10.4) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
| 2007–2009 | 9.9 (9.2–10.7) | 0.01 | 1.17 (0.8–1.7) | 0.40 | 1.4 (1.0–1.9) | 0.06 |
| 2010–2012 | 21.3 (19.2–23.6) | <0.01 | 2.04 (1.1–3.7) | 0.02 | 18.3 (1.0–3.1) | 0.02 |
#All variables listed in this table were included in the multivariate Competing risk proportional hazards regression model.
*Regimens not recommended in the National guidelines.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; WHO, World Health Organization; Kgs, kilograms; ART, antiretroviral therapy; D4T, stavudine; 3TC, lamivudine; CTX, co-trimoxazole