Table 1. Summary of data and literature references of hatchling mantle length (ML) and latitudinal distribution range for the 110 cephalopod species analyzed in the present study.
| Group/Species | Hatchling mode of life | Hatchling ML (mm) | Maximum adult ML (mm) | SHSI (%) | Southern and northern latitudinal distribution | Latitudinal range (km) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sepioids | ||||||
| Euprymna berryi | P | 2.6 [48] | 50 | 5.3 | 20°51'N, 41°38'N [49] | 2311 |
| Euprymna hyllebergi | P | 2.2 [50] | 35 | 6.3 | 00°17'N, 16°41'N [51] | 1824 |
| Euprymna scolopes | P | 1.8 [52] | 30 | 5.8 | 18°47'N, 25°47'N [53] | 779 |
| Euprymna tasmanica | B | 5.0 [54] | 40 | 12.5 | 43°42'S, 24°40'S [49] | 2116 |
| Idiosepius biserialis | P | 1.0 [55] (as I.thailandicus) | 10.5 | 9.5 | 26°00'S, 33°25'N [56] | 6607 |
| Idiosepius paradoxus | P | 1.2 [57] | 16 | 7.4 | 21°51'N, 42°87'N [56, 58] | 2478 |
| Idiosepius pygmaeus | P | 1.0 [59] | 20 | 5.0 | 25°11'S, 13°32'N [60, 61] | 4306 |
| Metasepia pffeferi | B | 4.0 [62] | 60 | 6.7 | 04°04'S, 32°33'S [63] | 3166 |
| Metasepia tullbergi | B | 4.7 [64] | 70 | 6.7 | 00°01'S, 38°58'N [63] | 4335 |
| Rossia macrosoma | B | 5.5 [65] | 85 | 6.5 | 12°36'N, 70°03'N [49] | 6387 |
| Rossia mollicella | B | 7.8* [66] | 36 | 21.7 | 30°57'N, 45°37'N [67] | 1630 |
| Rossia pacifica | B | 6.0 [68] | 90 | 6.7 | 28°00'N, 65°57'N [49] | 4219 |
| Sepia apama | B | 12.1 [69] | 500 | 2.4 | 22°55'S, 39°27'S [63] | 1839 |
| Sepia bandensis | B | 8.0 [70] | 70 | 11.4 | 08°48'S, 15°18'N [63] | 2681 |
| Sepia esculenta | B | 5.2 [48, 71] | 180 | 2.9 | 06°48'N, 40°16'N [63] | 3723 |
| Sepia latimanus | B | 14.1 [72–74] | 500 | 2.8 | 25°04'S, 40°22'N [63] | 7325 |
| Sepia lycidas | B | 8.7 [48] (as S. subaculeata) | 380 | 2.3 | 07°50'S, 40°23'N [63] | 5363 |
| Sepia officinalis | B | 6.3 [75, 76] | 490 | 1.3 | 15°04'N, 61°28'N [63] | 5160 |
| Sepia orbignyana | B | 6.0 [77] | 120 | 5.0 | 17°49'S, 54°21'N [63] | 8024 |
| Sepiadarium kochii | B | 1.5 [78] | 30 | 5.0 | 25°25'S, 36°05'N [79] | 6840 |
| Sepiella inermis | P | 4.3 [80] | 125 | 3.4 | 19°43'S, 29°30'N [63] | 5474 |
| Sepiella japonica | P | 4.3 [48] (as S. maindroni), [81] | 180 | 2.4 | 21°31'N, 40°18'N [63] | 2087 |
| Sepietta neglecta | B | 2.5 [82] | 33 | 7.6 | 25°16'N, 62°07'N [49] | 4099 |
| Sepietta obscura | B | 2.2 [82] | 30 | 7.3 | 32°00'N, 45°31'N [49] | 1501 |
| Sepietta oweniana | B | 4.0 [28] | 50 | 8.0 | 14°37'N, 71°15'N [49] | 6296 |
| Sepiola affinis | B | 3.0 [83] | 25 | 12.0 | 35°46'N, 45°33'N [49] | 1089 |
| Sepiola atlantica | P | 1.7 [84, 85] | 21 | 8.1 | 26°15'N, 65°50'N [49] | 4401 |
| Sepiola ligulata | B | 2.3 [82] | 25 | 9.2 | 35°17'N, 45°33'N [49] | 1142 |
| Sepiola robusta | B | 2.2 [82, 86] | 28 | 7.9 | 30°38'N, 45°39'N [49] | 1668 |
| Sepiola rondeleti | B | 3.7 [82] | 60 | 6.2 | 12°39'N, 62°21'N [49] | 5527 |
| Squids | ||||||
| Neritic squids | ||||||
| Doryteuthis gahi | P | 3.0 [87, 88] | 400 | 0.8 | 57°04'S, 03°48'S [26] | 5923 |
| Doryteuthis opalescens | P | 2.7 [89–91] | 305 | 0.9 | 22°42'N, 57°48'N [26] | 3902 |
| Doryteuthis pealeii | P | 1.7 [20, 89, 92] | 465 | 0.4 | 08°47'N, 46°47'N [26] | 4226 |
| Doryteuthis plei | P | 1.5 [89] | 370 | 0.4 | 35°00'S, 36°46'N [26] | 7979 |
| Heteroligo bleekeri | P | 3.3 [71, 93, 94] | 380 | 0.9 | 25°26'N, 45°41'N [26] | 2252 |
| Loligo forbesii | P | 4.2 [95, 96] | 937 | 0.4 | 19°58'N, 62°15'N [26] | 4701 |
| Loligo reynaudii | P | 2.4 [97–100] | 400 | 0.6 | 36°58'S, 28°00'S [26, 101] | 997 |
| Loligo vulgaris | P | 3.3 [102–105] | 640 | 0.5 | 19°10'S, 61°45'N [26] | 8998 |
| Lolligunculla diomedeae | P | 1.3 [106] | 115 | 1.1 | 31°37'N, 18°31'S [26, 107] | 5573 |
| Loliolus japonica | P | 2.3 [103] | 150 | 1.5 | 06°02'N, 40°25'N [26] | 3824 |
| Loliolus sumatrensis | P | 1.5 [78] | 120 | 1.3 | 09°08'S, 40°28'N [26] | 5515 |
| Uroteuthis duvaucelii | P | 1.1 [78] | 330 | 0.3 | 25°51'S, 28°58'N [26] | 6095 |
| Uroteuthis edulis | P | 2.0 [71] | 502 | 0.4 | 25°48'S, 53°33'N [26] | 8823 |
| Sepioteuthis australis | P | 6.8* [108, 109] | 394 | 1.7 | 43°46'S, 20°13'S [26] | 2618 |
| Sepioteuthis sepioidea | P | 5.0 [110] | 200 | 2.5 | 13°08'S, 28°21'N [26] | 4613 |
| Oceanic squids | ||||||
| Dosidicus gigas | P | 1.1 [111, 112] | 1200 | 0.1 | 55°40'S, 58°08'N [42] | 12650 |
| Gonatus madokai | P | 7.2* [113] | 470 | 1.5 | 59°58'N, 40°35'N [114] | 2156 |
| Gonatus onyx | P | 3.4 [115] | 150 | 2.3 | 30°01'N, 60°00'N [116] | 3335 |
| Illex argentinus | P | 1.6 [117] | 400 | 0.4 | 55°24'S, 21°24'S [42] | 3781 |
| Illex coindetii | P | 1.4 [118] | 379 | 0.4 | 19°26'S, 61°18'N [42] | 8978 |
| Illex illecebrosus | P | 1.2 [119, 120] | 340 | 0.3 | 25°06'N, 67°14'N [42] | 4686 |
| Ommastrephes bartramii | P | 1.3 [121] | 600 | 0.2 | 20°00'N, 55°00'N [42] | 3892 |
| Thysanoteuthis rhombus | P | 1.4 [122] | 1000 | 0.1 | 43°51'S, 51°45'N [123] | 10630 |
| Todarodes pacficus | P | 1.3 [124] | 500 | 0.3 | 20°27'N, 62°29'N [42] | 4674 |
| Todarodes sagittatus | P | 1.8 [125] | 750 | 0.2 | 10°45'N, 72°20'N [42] | 6848 |
| Todaropsis eblanae | P | 2.2 [125] | 290 | 0.8 | 43°59'S, 73°34’N [42] | 13070 |
| Watasenia scintillans | P | 1.4 [126] | 70 | 2.0 | 22°54'N, 50°48'N [127] | 3103 |
| Octopods | ||||||
| Bolitaena pygmaea | P | 2.5* [128] | 60 | 4.2 | 42°32’S, 37°12’N [129] | 8866 |
| Vitreledonella richardi | P | 2.8* [130] | 110 | 2.6 | 31°24’S, 48°55'N [129] | 8930 |
| Tremoctopus violaceus | P | 1.9* [130] | 250 | 0.8 | 36°01'S, 45°37'N [131] | 9076 |
| Argonauta argo | P | 1.0* [130] | 97 | 1.1 | 41°06'S, 45°28'N [132, 133] | 9625 |
| Argonauta hians | P | 0.6 [134] | 40 | 1.5 | 17°27'S, 45°36'N [133] | 7012 |
| Amphioctopus aegina | P | 2.9 [135, 136] | 90 | 3.2 | 03°03'S, 26°21'N [137] | 3270 |
| Amphioctopus burryi | P | 1.5 [138] | 70 | 2.2 | 13°00'S, 34°00'N [139, 140] | 5227 |
| Amphioctopus fangsiao | B | 2.9 [141–143] | 80 | 3.6 | 22°12'N, 42°33'N [137] | 2262 |
| Amphioctopus neglectus | P | 2.8 [144] | 64 | 4.4 | 01°19'N, 25°52'N [137] | 2730 |
| Amphioctopus rex | P | 2.3 [145] | 76 | 3.0 | 13°40'S,16°52'N [137, 146] | 3394 |
| Bathypolypus bairdii | B | 7.7 [147] | 70 | 11.0 | 27°01'N, 74°27'N [148] | 5275 |
| Callistoctopus macropus | P | 4.0 [29] | 155 | 2.6 | 16°02'S, 45°28'N [149] | 6838 |
| Callistoctopus ornatus | P | 2.7* [150] | 130 | 2.1 | 34°06'S, 34°49'N [151] | 7662 |
| Cistopus indicus | P | 2.6 [144] | 180 | 1.4 | 02°15'N, 07°44'N [137] | 609 |
| Eledone cirrhosa | P | 4.5 [152] | 250 | 1.8 | 30°32'N, 68°10′N [153] | 4184 |
| Eledone moschata | B | 10.5 [30, 154] | 140 | 7.5 | 30°32'N, 45°28'N [154] | 1660 |
| Enteroctopus dofleini | P | 5.4 [155] | 600 | 0.9 | 32°32'N, 62°31'N [156, 157] | 3335 |
| Enteroctopus megalocyathus | P | 8.4 [158] | 190 | 4.4 | 56°10'S, 34°20’S [158] | 2428 |
| Graneledone boreopacifica | B | 28.0 [31] | 145 | 19.3 | 40°28'N, 50°00'N [31, 159] | 1061 |
| Hapalochlaena lunulata | P | 2.3 [160] | 50 | 4.6 | 16°12'S, 18°28'N [137] | 3854 |
| Hapalochlaena maculosa | B | 4.0 [161] | 57 | 7.0 | 41°09'S, 38°06'S [60, 161] | 339 |
| Octopus maorum | P | 4.6 [162, 163] | 300 | 1.5 | 52°25'S, 31°40'S [163] | 2307 |
| Octopus berrima | B | 4.5 [163] | 105 | 4.3 | 43°41'S, 32°18'S [163] | 1266 |
| Octopus bimaculoides | B | 6.5 [164] | 85 | 7.6 | 22°32'N, 35°31'N [137] | 1442 |
| Octopus bimaculatus | P | 2.6 [165] | 200 | 1.3 | 22°51'N, 34°30'N [137] | 1295 |
| Octopus briareus | B | 6.3 [164, 166] | 120 | 5.2 | 02°49'S, 27°28'N [167] | 3368 |
| Octopus chierchiae | B | 3.5 [168] | 25 | 14.0 | 08°58'N, 29°33'N [169] | 2288 |
| Octopus cyanea | P | 2.1* [150] | 160 | 1.3 | 24°26'S, 22°15'N [170] | 5192 |
| Octopus fitchi | P | 2.5* [130] | 45 | 5.6 | 24°00'N, 32°00'N [171] | 890 |
| Octopus hubbsorum | P | 1.2 [172] | 220 | 0.6 | 04°00'N, 31°51'N [173] | 3097 |
| Octopus huttoni | P | 2.5 [130, 174] (as Robsonella australis),[175] | 57 | 4.3 | 50°45'S, 31°31'S [132] | 2140 |
| Octopus insularis | P | 1.7 [176] | 120 | 1.4 | 25°32ʹS, 00°56’N [177, 178] | 2945 |
| Octopus joubini | P | 2.5 [179] | 45 | 5.6 | 18°13'N, 30°03'N [179] | 1317 |
| Octopus sp. "joubini" undescribed | B | 5.5 [180] (as O.joubini) | 40 | 13.8 | 10°05'N, 30°03'N [179] | 2221 |
| Octopus maya | B | 7.0 [164] | 120 | 5.8 | 17°59'N, 21°32'N [137] | 1268 |
| Octopus mimus | P | 1.9 [181] | 190 | 1.0 | 33°54'S, 03°27'S [137] | 3387 |
| Octopus minor | B | 10.0 [182] | 80 | 12.5 | 21°57'N, 46°42'N [137, 183] | 2752 |
| Octopus oliveri | P | 1.3* [184] | 70 | 1.8 | 29°16'S, 27°06'N [185] | 6267 |
| Octopus pallidus | B | 6.5 [163, 186] | 150 | 4.3 | 44°00'S, 31°40'S [163] | 1372 |
| Octopus rubescens | P | 1.9 [130] | 100 | 1.9 | 22°51'N, 61°06'N [156] | 4255 |
| Octopus salutii | P | 3.8 [187] | 165 | 2.3 | 30°21'N, 50°00'N [137, 188] | 2185 |
| Octopus tehuelchus | B | 6.6 [189] | 200 | 3.3 | 44°01'S, 20°00'S [137, 190] | 2670 |
| Octopus tetricus | P | 1.5 [191] | 140 | 1.1 | 40°00'S, 28°12'S [137, 192] | 1313 |
| Octopus superciliosus | B | 4.5 [163] | 26 | 17.3 | 47°11'S, 33°14'S [163] | 1552 |
| Octopus vulgaris sensu stricto | P | 2.1 [193, 194] | 250 | 0.8 | 07°04'N, 53°03'N [137] | 5113 |
| Octopus vulgaris type II | P | 2.2 [195] | 210 | 1.1 | 31°05'S, 02°00’N [137] | 3679 |
| Octopus vulgaris type IV | P | 2.1 [196] | 168 | 1.3 | 21°28'N, 45°20'N [137] | 2654 |
| Octopus warringa | P | 2.5 [163] | 35 | 7.1 | 47°20'S, 33°33'S [163] | 1531 |
| Octopus conispadiceus | B | 12.0 [197] | 210 | 5.7 | 41°43'N, 45°37'N [198] | 435 |
| Paroctopus digueti | B | 5.3 [164, 199] | 74 | 7.2 | 22°48'N, 31°27'N [200] | 963 |
| Robsonella fontanianus | P | 2.9 [201–203] | 70 | 4.1 | 55°00'S, 06°00'S [204] | 5449 |
| Scaeurgus unicirrhus | P | 2.0 [32] | 90 | 2.2 | 26°10’S, 45°28'N [149, 205] | 7965 |
| Wunderpus photogenicus | P | 2.3 [206] | 36 | 6.4 | 16°15’S, 14°34'N [207] | 3428 |
Hatchling mode of life as benthic (B) or planktonic (P) are indicated.
Hatchling mantle length (ML) are from fresh individuals, except for 10 species indicated by an asterisk (*), showing the estimated fresh ML from fixed individuals (see Methods for details). When the hatchling ML of a species was obtained from more than one study, the mean of each study was pooled to obtain the mean value representative of that particular species. Maximum adult ML, species hatchling size index (SHSI), the southern and northern latitudinal distribution as well as the latitudinal distribution range are also indicated for each species.