Table 4.
Factors associated with prevalent virologic failure among adolescents with a recorded VL measurement (n = 103).
| Variable |
n (%) with prevalent VL failure | Crude risk ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted∗risk ratio (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline and demographic factors | |||
| Gender | |||
| Female | 16 (27.1%) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Male | 16 (36.4%) | 1.54 (0.66–3.56) | 1.44 (0.76–2.73) |
| Age group (years) | |||
| 12–14 | 11 (25.6%) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 15–17 | 11 (37.9%) | 1.78 (0.64–4.91) | 2.67 (0.76–9.34) |
| 18–20 | 10 (32.3%) | 1.39 (0.50–3.83) | 2.77 (0.51–14.96) |
| Highest school level | |||
| Secondary | 14 (35.0%) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Primary | 14 (25.9%) | 0.65 (0.27–1.58) | 1.17 (0.28–4.79) |
| Dwelling type | |||
| Formal | 26 (32.9%) | 1.00 | — |
| Care facility | 1 (9.1%) | 0.20 (0.02–1.68) | — |
| Informal | 5 (38.5%) | 1.27 (0.38–4.28) | — |
| Mother caregiver | |||
| No | 15 (31.3%) | 1.00 | — |
| Yes | 17 (30.9%) | 0.98 (0.43–2.27) | — |
| Caregiver employed | |||
| No | 10 (35.7%) | 1.00 | — |
| Yes | 21 (32.3%) | 0.86 (0.34–2.18) | — |
| Caregiver-related factors | |||
| Caregiver changes frequently | |||
| No | 32 (32.7%) | 1.00 | — |
| Yes | 0 (0.0%) | — | — |
| Caregiver is elderly | |||
| No | 22 (30.6%) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 10 (32.3%) | 1.08 (0.44–2.67) | 1.31 (0.69–2.48) |
| Caregiver is ill, requires care | |||
| No | 29 (29.9%) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 3 (50.0%) | 2.34 (0.45–12.31) | 0.65 (0.09–4.55) |
| Caregiver is unsupportive | |||
| No | 28 (30.8%) | 1.00 | — |
| Yes | 4 (33.3%) | 1.13 (0.31–4.05) | — |
| Caregiver financial difficulty | |||
| No | 26 (30.2%) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 6 (35.3%) | 1.26 (0.42–3.77) | 2.51 (0.51–12.38) |
| Travel-related factors | |||
| Long distance to clinic | |||
| No | 11 (28.2%) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 21 (32.8%) | 1.24 (0.52–2.97) | 0.43 (0.18–1.04) |
| Transport fee is expensive | |||
| No | 20 (27.8%) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 12 (38.7%) | 1.64 (0.68–3.99) | 1.79 (0.76–4.19) |
| Not enough time for visits | |||
| No | 28 (31.1%) | 1.00 | — |
| Yes | 4 (30.8%) | 0.98 (0.28–3.47) | — |
| Psychosocial factors | |||
| Visits noticed by community | |||
| No | 32.9% (26) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 25.0% (6) | 0.68 (0.24–1.92) | 0.37 (0.15–0.93) |
| Visits noticed by school/peer | |||
| No | 31.4% (22) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 30.3% (10) | 0.95 (0.39–2.33) | 1.02 (0.44–2.37) |
| Distrust health care workers | |||
| No | 30.3% (30) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 50.0% (2) | 2.30 (0.31–17.10) | 6.15 (1.14–33.24) |
| Disclose status to family | |||
| No | 33.3% (1) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 31.3% (31) | 0.91 (0.08–10.44) | 1.34 (0.39–4.63) |
| Disclose status to school/peer | |||
| No | 34.3% (24) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 25.0% (8) | 0.64 (0.25-1.64) | 0.51 (0.20–1.26) |
| Health care facility factors | |||
| Long waiting queues at clinic | |||
| No | 27 (35.5%) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 5 (18.5%) | 0.41 (0.14–1.21) | 0.94 (0.28–3.12) |
| Inconvenient clinic operating hours | |||
| No | 28 (32.6%) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 4 (23.5%) | 0.64 (0.19–2.13) | 0.49 (0.16–1.52) |
| Unfriendly health care workers | |||
| No | 32 (31.4%) | 1.00 | — |
| Yes | 0 (0.0%) | — | — |
| No sexual health services | |||
| No | 28 (31.1%) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 4 (30.8%) | 0.98 (0.28–3.47) | 0.70 (0.19–2.50) |
| Lack of peer support | |||
| No | 31 (33.0%) | 1.00 | — |
| Yes | 1 (11.1%) | 0.25 (0.03–2.12) | — |
| Treatment-related factors | |||
| Having problems taking ART | |||
| No | 26 (31.3%) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 6 (30.0%) | 0.94 (0.32–2.72) | 0.36 (0.16–0.82) |
| Treatment fatigue | |||
| No | 23 (28.4%) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 9 (40.9%) | 1.75 (0.66–4.64) | 1.71 (0.78–3.75) |
∗Risk ratios individually adjusted for age, gender, mother as caregiver, and time on ART.