Table 1.
Liposomes, nanoliposomes, and proliposomes inhaled formulation along with the key findings.
| Drug | Method of preparation | Major ingredient | Assembly, device, capsules, and flow rate (L/min) | Percentage of FPF | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liposomes | |||||
| Amikacin sulfate | RPE followed by LP | HSPC, CS, and stearylamine | TSI, Rotahaler®, #2, and 60 | 29.2 ± 2.10 | [9] |
| Budesonide | TFH followed by LP and BM | Egg phosphatidylcholine, CS, and α-tocopherol | TSI, Rotahaler, #2, and 60 | 20.69 ± 1.50 | [10] |
| Dapsone | TFE followed by SD | DPPC, CS, and hydrolyzed gelatin | ACI, #2 HPMC, and 28.3 | 75.6 ± 1.60 | [11] |
| Gemcitabine hydrochloride | SE followed by LP | HSPC, DSPG, mPEG2000-DSPE, and trehalose | ACI, #3 gelatin, and 60 | 56.12 ± 4.38 | [12] |
| Ketotifen fumarate | TFH followed by FD | Saturated egg phosphatidylcholine, CS, and sucrose | TSI, #2, and 60 for 5 sec | 21.59 ± 1.53 | [13] |
| N-Acetylcysteine | RPE followed by SD | Phospholipid and CS | ACI, HandiHaler®, #3 gelatin, and 28.3 for 8.5 sec | 35.34 ± 3.86 | [14] |
| Recombinant secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (rSLPI) | RE followed by LP and JM | 1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-[phospho-L-serine] and CS | TSI, Spinhaler®, #2 gelatin, and 60 | 59.5 ± 5.40 | [15] |
| Rifampicin | TFE, coated with chitosan and carrageenan, followed by SD | SPC, HSPC, and CS | NGI, Turbospin®, #2 gelatin, and 70 | 51.1 ± 2.30 | [16] |
| Salbutamol sulfate | Vesicular phospholipid gel technique followed by LP and BM | SPC | TSI, Spinhaler, #2, and 60 | 41.51 ± 2.22 | [17] |
|
| |||||
| Nanoliposomes | |||||
| Amiloride hydrochloride | TFH and then passed through HPH, followed by SD | HSPC, CS, and mannitol | ACI, Rotahaler, #2 gelatin, and 28.3 |
67.6 ± 0.60 | [18] |
| Tacrolimus | TFE and then passed through HPH, followed by SD | HPC and CS | ACI, #2 HPMC, and 28.3 | 71.1 ± 2.5 | [19] |
|
| |||||
| Proliposomes | |||||
| Isoniazid | SD | L-α-soybean phosphatidylcholine, CS, and 90% mannitol | ACI and 60 | 71 ± 2.0 | [20] |
| Rifapentine | SD | HSPC and stearylamine | ACI, #2 gelatin, and 60 for 4 sec | 92.5 ± 1.5 | [21] |
SD: spray drying; FD: freeze drying; LP: lyophilization; RE: rotary evaporation; TFH: thin film hydration; HPH: high pressure homogenizer; CS: cholesterol; SPC: soybean phosphatidylcholine; HPC: hydrogenated phosphatidylcholine; HSPC: hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine; DPPC: dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine.