Table 4.
Example of microparticulate inhaled formulation along with the key findings.
| Drug | Method of preparation | Major ingredient | Assembly, device and capsules, flow rate (L/min) | Percentage of FPF | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Microparticles | |||||
| Budesonide | SD | Lactohale 300 M : Pharmatose® 150 M (60 : 40) | ACI, Rotahaler, #3 HPMC, and 60 for 4 sec | 34.50 | [43] |
| Ciprofloxacin | co-SD | Mannitol | MSLI, Aerolizer, and 60 for 4 sec | 43.5 ± 1.50 | [44] |
| Ciclosporin | SFD | Tert-butyl alcohol and mannitol (5%) | ACI, Jethaler®, #2 HPMC, and 28.3 for 5 sec | 36.4 ± 1.40 | [45] |
| Dexamethasone | Vibrational SD | PCL and sodium deoxycholate | ACI, Aerolizer, #3 HPMC, and 28.3 for 8.5 sec | 61.68 ± 1.28 | [46] |
| Naringin | SD | Water-ethanol | TSI, Turbospin, #2 gelatin, and 60 for 5 sec | 44.5 ± 1.54 | [47] |
| Rifampicin | SD | Chitosan, ascorbic acid, and leucine | ACI, HPMC, and 60 for 10 sec | 47.29 | [48] |
| Rifampicin | SD | Dextran (Dex) and stearylamine grafted dextran | ACI and 60 | 77.51 | [49] |
| Rifampicin | SD | Water : dichloromethane 80 : 20 | ACI, Spinhaler, and 60 for 4 sec | 58.00 | [50] |
| Shuang-Huang-Lian corrugated particles | SD | D-Mannitol, lactose, and L-leucine | NGI, Cyclohaler®, #3 gelatin, and 60 for 4 sec | 36.8 ± 1.90 | [51] |
| Terbutaline sulfate | SD | L-leucine and low molecular wt. chitosan | MSLI, Spinhaler, #2 HPMC, and 60 for 2.5 sec | 75.83 ± 2.59 | [52] |
| Voriconazole | SD | Polylactide | ACI and RS01 dry powder inhaler | 43.56 ± 0.13 | [53] |
|
| |||||
| Solid lipid microparticles | |||||
| Salbutamol sulfate | SD | DPPC, CS, and L-leucine | TSI, Cyclohaler, gelatin, and 60 for 4 sec | 42.70 | [54] |
| Quercetin | O/W emulsification via a phase inversion technique followed by SD | Tristearin and phosphatidylcholine | NGI, Aerolizer, #3 gelatin, and 60 for 4 sec | 20.5 ± 3.30 | [55] |
| Budesonide | O/W emulsification via a phase inversion technique followed by SD | Pluronic F-68 and Compritol 888 | MSLI, Aerolizer, #3 HPMC, and 60 for 4 sec | 21.1 ± 0.60 | [56] |
|
| |||||
| Biopolymer based microparticles | |||||
| Budesonide | Cation induced gelation method followed by LP | Sodium alginate, deacetylated chitosan, Pluronic F-68, and mannitol | ACI, Rotahaler, #3 HPMC, and 60 for 5 sec | 60.09 ± 0.01 | [57] |
| Budesonide | Cation induced gelation method followed by LP | Sodium alginate, deacetylated chitosan, Pluronic F-68, and mannitol | ACI, Rotahaler, #3 HPMC, and 60 for 5 sec | 56.18 ± 0.01 | [58] |
|
| |||||
| Miscellaneous microparticles | |||||
| Beclomethasone dipropionate ultrafine particles | Microfluidic antisolvent precipitation followed by homogenization and SD | NA | MSLI, Aerolizer, #3 HPMC, and 60 for 4 sec | 68.39 | [59] |
| Salbutamol sulphate sonocrystallized microparticles | Ultrasonication | Isopropyl alcohol | ACI, Rotahaler, gelatin, and 28.3 for 10 sec | 44.21 ± 1.30 | [60] |
| Salbutamol sulfate | Mechanofusion Process (dry coating processes) | MgSt | TSI, monodose inhaler device, #3 HPMC, and 60 for 4 sec | 75.4 ± 1.00 | [61] |
| Β-Estradiol | SD | Lactose and leucine (6% w/w) | ACI, Spinhaler, #2 gelatin, and 60 TSI, Spinhaler, #2 gelatin, and 60 |
73.4 ± 1.00 85.0 ± 0.50 |
[62] |
SD: spray drying; co-SD: closed spray drying; SFD: spray freeze drying; LP: lyophilization; PCL: poly(ε-caprolactone); CS: cholesterol; DPPC: dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine; MgSt: magnesium stearate.