Table 4.
Mental health, pain-cognition, and cognitive performance in women and men, separated by the presence or absence of fibromyalgia.
| Fibromyalgia | P | Effect size | Nonfibromyalgia | P | Effect size | P interaction | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women (n = 367) | Men (n = 21) | Women (n = 231) | Men (n = 52) | ||||||
| Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | ||||||
| MMSE (0–30) | 28.1 (0.1) | 28.2 (0.5) | 0.948 | 0.01 | 28.4 (0.1) | 28.6 (0.3) | 0.499 | 0.11 | 0.843 |
| BDI-II (0–63) | 26.7 (0.6) | 28.4 (2.6) | 0.525 | 0.14 | 10.4 (0.6) | 6.5 (1.2) | 0.004 | 0.46 | 0.053 |
| STAI (20–80) | 35.4 (0.6) | 39.7 (2.7) | 0.120 | 0.35 | 20.4 (0.8) | 15.8 (1.7) | 0.013 | 0.39 | 0.009 |
| Chronic pain self-efficacy | |||||||||
| Copying (0–100) | 48.1 (1.1) | 42.5 (4.6) | 0.238 | 0.26 | 72.5 (1.4) | 73.5 (3.1) | 0.765 | 0.05 | 0.177 |
| Function (0–100) | 54.5 (1.2) | 60.4 (4.8) | 0.232 | 0.27 | 86.7 (1.4) | 88.6 (3.0) | 0.572 | 0.09 | 0.522 |
| Pain (0–100) | 34.0 (1.2) | 33.3 (4.9) | 0.889 | 0.03 | 68.6 (1.7) | 66.3 (3.7) | 0.575 | 0.09 | 0.796 |
| Total score (0–300) | 136.6 (2.9) | 136.2 (12.0) | 0.973 | 0.01 | 227.8 (3.8) | 228.4 (8.0) | 0.944 | 0.01 | 0.878 |
| Catastrophizing | |||||||||
| Rumination (0–16) | 8.6 (0.2) | 9.0 (1.0) | 0.708 | 0.08 | 4.4 (0.3) | 4.2 (0.6) | 0.813 | 0.04 | 0.536 |
| Magnification (0–12) | 5.0 (0.2) | 5.1 (0.7) | 0.885 | 0.03 | 2.3 (0.2) | 1.9 (0.4) | 0.347 | 0.15 | 0.391 |
| Hopelessness (0–24) | 11.5 (0.3) | 12.1 (1.3) | 0.677 | 0.09 | 4.5 (0.3) | 3.7 (0.7) | 0.293 | 0.16 | 0.302 |
| Total score (0–52) | 25.1 (0.7) | 26.2 (2.7) | 0.712 | 0.08 | 11.2 (0.7) | 9.9 (1.5) | 0.427 | 0.12 | 0.353 |
| PASAT | |||||||||
| Correct answers (0–60) | 32.4 (0.6) | 40.0 (2.7) | 0.005 | 0.63 | 35.1 (0.9) | 40.5 (1.9) | 0.010 | 0.40 | 0.459 |
| Wrong answers (0–60) | 7.5 (0.3) | 8.2 (1.3) | 0.602 | 0.12 | 7.8 (0.4) | 6.8 (0.8) | 0.232 | 0.19 | 0.357 |
| Not answered (0–60) | 20.1 (0.6) | 11.8 (2.4) | 0.001 | 0.77 | 17.1 (0.8) | 12.7 (1.6) | 0.016 | 0.37 | 0.187 |
| RAVLT | |||||||||
| Immediate memory (0–105) | 63.0 (0.6) | 59.3 (2.7) | 0.193 | 0.29 | 65.8 (0.9) | 60.9 (1.8) | 0.015 | 0.38 | 0.569 |
| Delayed recall (0–15) | 9.6 (0.2) | 8.8 (0.7) | 0.260 | 0.25 | 10.5 (0.2) | 9.4 (0.4) | 0.016 | 0.37 | 0.574 |
| Verbal learning (0–75) | 47.7 (0.5) | 44.9 (2.0) | 0.185 | 0.30 | 49.8 (0.6) | 45.8 (1.3) | 0.006 | 0.43 | 0.512 |
| Recognition memory (0–50) | 35.5 (0.3) | 34.5 (1.2) | 0.432 | 0.18 | 36.3 (0.4) | 35.5 (0.8) | 0.366 | 0.14 | 0.884 |
BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory-II. MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination. PASAT, Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task. RAVLT, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test. SD, standard deviation. Differences between women and men groups were performed using linear regression with marital status and current occupational status entered as covariates in fibromyalgia, whereas marital status, current occupational status, and body mass index were used in nonfibromyalgia participants. Effect size statistics are expressed as Cohen's d.