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. 2016 Nov 10;10:571. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00571

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Copyright © 2016 Loonen and Ivanova.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Cortical-subcortical-processing units. Extrapyramidal units are shown as an example of such cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical processing units. (A) Direct and indirect pathways lead to activation or inhibition of the anterior cortical endpoint. Abbreviations: D1, medium spiny neurons carrying dopamine D1 receptors; D2, medium spiny neurons carrying dopamine D2 receptors; DYN, dynorphin; ENK, enkephalin; GPe, globus pallidus externa; GPi, globus pallidus interna; SP, substance P; STh, subthalamic nucleus. Red arrows, excitatory; blue arrows, inhibitory. (B) Converging pathways through the basal ganglia correct the serially connected intracortical connections. Abbreviations: a, sensory input; b, motor output; c, to contralateral cortex; NS, non-specific part of the thalamus; S, specific part of the thalamus. Red, black, green, blue arrows, undetermined neurochemically.