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. 2016 Nov 10;7:1669. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01669

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

Inhibition of GSNO-reductase (GSNOR) activity in vivo by paraquat and tolerance of gsnor mutants to oxidative stress. (A) Measurement of GSNOR activity from crude leaf extracts of 4-week-old Arabidopsis plants exposed to different paraquat concentrations for 24 h. For restoring enzyme activity, 10 mM DTT was added to the extract before the measurement (gray bar). Values are expressed as percentage of water treated control plants (specific activity varies 49.2–91.1 nmol NADH min-1 mg-1) and represent the mean ± SD calculated from three biological replicates. Different letters indicate significant differences, p < 0.05, Anova. (B) Western blot of paraquat-treated plant extracts using GSNOR-specific antibody. Ponceau staining of Rubisco protein represents the equal loading. (C) Germination rates of 1-week-old Col-0 WT and gsnor mutant growing on 0.1, 0.25, and 1 μM paraquat-containing media. The germination rate was calculated by counting fully germinated seedlings with open cotyledons and is presented in percentage of control (without paraquat). ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.005 indicate significant differences between WT and gsnor. (D) Representative pictures of WT and gsnor seedlings germinated on paraquat-containing media. Control is without paraquat.