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. 2016 Nov 10;7:1669. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01669

FIGURE 3.

FIGURE 3

gsnor plants has an elevated glutathione-dependent antioxidant capacity to cope with oxidative stress. (A) Determination of reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione from crude extracts of 14-day-old WT and gsnor plants were grown on MS media with and without 0,5 μM paraquat. The values were normalized against fresh weight (FW). The ratio of GSH to GSSG (GSH:GSSG, black triangle) is presented on the right axis. (B) Enzyme activities for glutathione reductase (GR, left panel) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST, right panel) were determined from the same treatments as in (A). The values of enzyme activity represent the mean ± SD calculated from three biological replicates. The different letters indicate significant differences among the samples (p < 0.05, Anova). (C) Analysis of thiol-containing intermediates of the GSH biosynthesis pathway by HPLC. Four week-old WT plants (left panel) and gsnor mutants (right panel) were fumigated with and without 80 ppm NO gas for 20 min. After 1 h of regeneration rosettes were harvested for determination of cysteine (Cys), γ-glutamylcysteine (γ-GC), and total glutathione (GSH) content. Values were normalized against total fresh weight and represent the mean ± SD calculated from three to five samples of each line. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.005, ∗∗∗p < 0.001 represent significant differences between control (-NO) and NO-treated samples (t-test).