Table 1.
Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of plant extracts (μg mL−1) against Propionibacterium acnes (ATCC 6919).
| Taxa [voucher code] | Common Name | SSTI use‡ | Part Extracted† | Extraction Solvent | MIC50 | MIC90 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FUNGI | ||||||
| Amanitaceae | ||||||
| Amanita caesarea (Scop.) Pers. [AS-19] | Caesar's mushroom | − | fb | MeOH | − | − |
| Ganodermataceae | ||||||
| Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst. [AS-10] | Lingzhi mushroom | − | fb | MeOH | − | − |
| H2O | − | − | ||||
| Gleophyllaceae | ||||||
| Gloeophyllum sepiarium (Wulfen) P. Karst. [AS-4] | − | − | fb | MeOH | − | − |
| Hymenochaetales | ||||||
| Fuscoporia torulosa (Pers.) T. Wagner & M. Fisch. [AS-1] | − | − | fb | H2O | − | − |
| Trichaptum biforme (Fr.) Ryvarden [AS-12] | − | − | fb | MeOH | − | − |
| H2O | − | − | ||||
| Meripilaceae | ||||||
| Meripilus giganteus (Pers.) P. Karst. [AS-11] | Giant polypore | − | fb | MeOH | − | − |
| H2O | − | − | ||||
| Polyporaceae | ||||||
| Coriolopsis gallica (Fr.) Ryvarden [AS-13] | − | − | fb | MeOH | − | − |
| H2O | − | − | ||||
| Fomes fomentarius (L.) Fr. [AS-4] | Tinder fungus | − | fb | MeOH | − | − |
| H2O | − | − | ||||
| Hapalopilus rutilans (Pers.) Murrill [AS-5] | Tender nesting polypore | − | fb | MeOH | 128 | 256 |
| H2O | − | − | ||||
| Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd [AS-8] | Turkey tail | − | fb | MeOH | − | − |
| H2O | − | − | ||||
| PLANTAE | ||||||
| Adoxaceae | ||||||
| Sambucus ebulus L. [CQ-180] | Dwarf Elder | + | infl | EtOH | − | − |
| MeOH | − | − | ||||
| le | EtOH | − | − | |||
| MeOH | − | − | ||||
| st | EtOH | − | − | |||
| Sambucus nigra L. [CQ-151] | Elderberry | + | fr | EtOH | − | − |
| MeOH | − | − | ||||
| le | EtOH | − | − | |||
| MeOH | − | − | ||||
| wp | EtOH | − | − | |||
| infl | MeOH | − | − | |||
| Amaryllidaceae | ||||||
| Allium cepa L. [CQ-206] | Onion | + | le; bu | EtOH | − | − |
| MeOH | − | − | ||||
| Apiaceae | ||||||
| Daucus carota L. [CQ-215] | Queen Anne's lace | − | le; st | EtOH | − | − |
| MeOH | − | − | ||||
| infl; infr | EtOH | − | − | |||
| Ferula communis L. [CQ-214] | Giant fennel | − | fr | EtOH | − | − |
| st | EtOH | − | − | |||
| MeOH | − | − | ||||
| infl | MeOH | − | − | |||
| ro | MeOH | − | − | |||
| Foeniculum vulgare subsp. piperitum Cout. [CQ-192] | Fennel | − | le; st | EtOH | − | − |
| Foeniculum vulgare subsp. vulgare [CQ-196] | Fennel | − | le; st | EtOH | − | − |
| MeOH | − | − | ||||
| Apocynaceae | ||||||
| Vinca major L. [CQ-139] | Bigleaf periwinkle | − | le; st; ro | MeOH | − | − |
| Araceae | ||||||
| Arum italicum Mill. [CQ-175] | Italian lords and ladies | − | st | EtOH | − | − |
| fr | EtOH | − | − | |||
| sta | EtOH | − | − | |||
| le | EtOH | − | − | |||
| MeOH | − | − | ||||
| Asparagaceae | ||||||
| Leopoldia comosa (L.) Parl. [CQ-105] | Tassel hyacinth | − | le; infl | MeOH | − | − |
| bu | MeOH | − | − | |||
| Asteraceae | ||||||
| Achillea millefolium L. [CQ-176] | Common yarrow | + | infl | EtOH | − | − |
| le; st | EtOH | − | − | |||
| le; st; fl | EtOH | − | − | |||
| MEOH | − | − | ||||
| Anacyclus tomentosus (Gouan) DC. [CQ-167] | Whitebuttons | − | le; st; fl | EtOH | − | − |
| Cichorium intybus L. [CQ-161] | Chicory | − | le; st; fl | EtOH | − | − |
| Scolymus hispanicus L. [CQ-199] | Common goldenthistle | − | le; st; fl | EtOH | − | − |
| MeOH | − | − | ||||
| Tussilago farfara L. [CQ-202] | Coltsfoot | − | le; st; ro | EtOH | − | − |
| le; st; fl | MeOH | − | − | |||
| Brassicaceae | ||||||
| Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. [CQ-108] | Whitetop | − | fl; st; le; ro | MeOH | − | − |
| Caprifoliaceae | ||||||
| Dipsacus fullonum L. [CQ-201] | Fuller's teasel | − | le; st | EtOH | − | − |
| MeOH | − | − | ||||
| fl | EtOH | − | − | |||
| Knautia arvensis J.M. Coult. [CQ-190] | Field scabiosa | − | le;st;fl | EtOH | − | − |
| Knautia lucana Lacaita & Szabó [CQ-166] | − | − | le; st; fl | EtOH | − | − |
| MeOH | − | − | ||||
| Lonicera alpigena L. [CQ-213] | Alpine honeysuckle | − | wp | EtOH | − | − |
| MeOH | − | − | ||||
| le | EtOH | − | − | |||
| Caryophyllaceae | ||||||
| Saponaria officinalis L. [CQ-210] | Bouncingbet | − | le; st; fl | EtOH | − | − |
| MeOH | − | − | ||||
| Dennstaedtiaceae | ||||||
| Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn [CQ-211] | Western brackenfern | − | st | MeOH | − | − |
| Fabaceae | ||||||
| Acacia dealbata Link [CQ-115] | Silver wattle | − | infl | MeOH | − | − |
| le | MeOH | − | − | |||
| st | MeOH | − | − | |||
| Anthyllis vulneraria L. [CQ-147] | Common kidneyvetch | − | le; st; fl | EtOH | − | − |
| MeOH | − | − | ||||
| Astragalus monspessulanus L. [CQ-112] | Montpellier milk vetch | − | fl; le; ro; st | EtOH | − | − |
| MeOH | − | − | ||||
| Coronilla emerus L. [CQ-137] | Scorpion senna | − | wst | EtOH | − | − |
| MeOH | − | − | ||||
| le; fl | MeOH | − | − | |||
| Melilotus albus Medik. [CQ-193] | Sweetclover | − | le; st; fl | EtOH | − | − |
| MeOH | − | − | ||||
| Trifolium spp. [CQ-185] | − | − | le; st; fl | EtOH | − | − |
| MeOH | − | − | ||||
| Robinia pseudoacacia L. [CQ-155] | Black locust | − | le | MeOH | − | − |
| Vicia sativa subsp. sativa [CQ-119] | Garden vetch | − | le; st; fl | MeOH | 128 | 256 |
| Fagaceae | ||||||
| Castanea sativa Mill. [CQ-191] | Sweet Chestnut | + | le | EtOH | 256 | − |
| MeOH | 256 | − | ||||
| *Fraction 224C-F2 | 256 | 256 | ||||
| H2O | − | − | ||||
| gle | EtOH | − | − | |||
| MeOH | 256 | − | ||||
| wp | EtOH | − | − | |||
| MeOH | 128 | − | ||||
| Quercus cerris L. [CQ-228; CQ-301] | European turkey oak | − | st; fr | EtOH | − | − |
| le | MeOH | − | − | |||
| Gentianaceae | ||||||
| Centaurium pulchellum (Sw.) Druce [CQ-217] | Branched centaury | − | le; ro; st; fl | EtOH | − | − |
| Hypericaceae | ||||||
| Hypericum perforatum L. [CQ-183] | St. John's Wort | + | le; st; fl | EtOH | − | − |
| MeOH | − | − | ||||
| Juglandaceae | ||||||
| Juglans regia L. [CQ-181] | Walnut | + | le | EtOH | − | − |
| MeOH | − | − | ||||
| wp | EtOH | 256 | 256 | |||
| MeOH | 128 | 256 | ||||
| imfr | MeOH | − | − | |||
| Juncaceae | ||||||
| Juncus articulatus L. [CQ-216] | Jointleaf rush | − | le; fr | EtOH | − | − |
| Lamiaceae | ||||||
| Ballota nigra L. [CQ-160] | Black horehound | + | ro | MeOH | − | − |
| le | MeOH | − | − | |||
| st | MeOH | − | − | |||
| Marrubium vulgare L. [CQ-170] | Horehound | + | ro | MeOH | − | − |
| le; st; fl | MeOH | − | − | |||
| Mentha spicata L. [CQ-224] | Spearmint | − | le; st; fl | EtOH | − | − |
| Rosmarinus officinalis L. [CQ-113] | Rosemary | + | le; st; fl | MeOH | 128 | 256 |
| Liliaceae | ||||||
| Lilium candidum L. [CQ-174] | Madonna lily | − | infl | EtOH | − | − |
| Malvaceae | ||||||
| Malva sylvestris L. [CQ-156] | Common mallow | + | le | MeOH | − | − |
| st | MeOH | − | − | |||
| Moraceae | ||||||
| Ficus carica L. [CQ-173] | Edible fig | + | le | EtOH | − | − |
| wp | EtOH | − | − | |||
| MeOH | − | − | ||||
| imfr | MeOH | − | − | |||
| Nyctaginaceae | ||||||
| Mirabilis jalapa L. [CQ-222] | Four o'clock flower | − | le; fl; fr | EtOH | − | − |
| MeOH | − | − | ||||
| Oleaceae | ||||||
| Olea europaea L. [CQ-197] | Olive | − | wp | EtOH | − | − |
| MeOH | − | − | ||||
| le | MeOH | − | − | |||
| Plantaginaceae | ||||||
| Plantago major L. [CQ-225] | Boradleaf plantain | + | le; ro; fl; st | EtOH | − | − |
| MeOH | − | − | ||||
| Poaceae | ||||||
| Agropyron repens (L.) P. Beauv. [CQ-208] | Couch grass | − | le; st; ro | EtOH | − | − |
| Arundo donax L. [CQ-146] | Giant reed | + | le; st | MeOH | − | − |
| in | MeOH | − | − | |||
| Ranunculaceae | ||||||
| Delphinium fissum Waldst. [CQ-187] | − | − | le; st; fl; fr | EtOH | − | − |
| Ranunculus acris L. [CQ-135] | Meadow buttercup | − | le; st; fl | MeOH | − | − |
| Rosaceae | ||||||
| Prunus spinosa L. [CQ-163] | Blackthorn | − | wp; le | EtOH | − | − |
| fr | MeOH | − | − | |||
| Rosa canina var. canina [CQ-152] | Dog rose | wp | MeOH | − | − | |
| 80% MeOH | − | − | ||||
| ga | MeOH | − | − | |||
| le | 80% MeOH | − | − | |||
| fr | MeOH | − | − | |||
| le; fl | 80% MeOH | − | − | |||
| Rubus ulmifolius Schott. | Elmleaf blackberry | + | ro | EtOH | − | − |
| *Fraction 220D-F2 | − | − | ||||
| MeOH | − | − | ||||
| wst | EtOH | − | − | |||
| Rubiaceae | ||||||
| Galium verum L. [CQ-177] | Yellow bedstraw | + | le; st; fl | EtOH | − | − |
| MeOH | − | − | ||||
| Scrophulariaceae | ||||||
| Verbascum thapsus L. [CQ-172] | Great mullein | − | le | MeOH | − | − |
| Ulmaceae | ||||||
| Ulmus minor Mill. [CQ-195] | Field elm | − | wp | EtOH | − | − |
| MeOH | − | − | ||||
| le | MeOH | − | − | |||
| Vitaceae | ||||||
| Vitis vinifera var. aglianico [CQ-209] | Grape vine | − | le | MeOH | 64 | 64 |
| Xanthorrhoeaceae | ||||||
| Asphodelus microcarpus Salzm. & Viv. [CQ-109] | − | + | infl | MeOH | − | − |
| le | MeOH | 128 | 128 | |||
| ANTIBIOTIC CONTROLS | ||||||
| Clindamycin | 0.25 | 2 | ||||
| Erythromycin | 0.063 | 2 | ||||
| Resveratrol | 100 | 100 | ||||
Part Extracted†: bu, bulb; fl, flowers; gle, gall infected leaves; imfr, immature fruit; in, inter nodes; infl, inflorescence; infr, infructescence; fb, fruiting body; ga, galls; le, leaves; ro, roots; st, stems; sta, stalk; wp, woody parts; wst, woody stem. SSTI use‡: “+” indicates that there is a documented ethnobotanical use for skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) or skin inflammations for this species; “−“ indicates no documented use for SSTIs. *The extraction protocol for 224C-F2 and 220D-F2 have been previously published (Quave et al., 2012, 2015). The MIC for growth is represented at MIC50 (or at 50% inhibition of the growth control) or MIC90 for 90% inhibition. “−“ indicates that the MIC50 was not detected in the concentration range tested (2-256 μg mL−1). None of the extracts tested exhibited MBEC50 within the tested concentration range, and thus this column is omitted from the table.