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. 2016 Nov 9;16:452. doi: 10.1186/s12906-016-1435-z

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© The Author(s). 2016

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — Effect of treatment on exploration time and discrimination index of familiar vs. new objects in the novel-object recognition test in rats. ^*indicates a significant difference between the vehicle-treated and cadmium (Cd)-treated groups; ^# indicates a significant difference between the vehicle and Dendropanax morbifera Léveille stem extract (DMS) (or galantamine [GAL]) treatment groups; † indicates a significant difference between the familiar and new object (p < 0.05; n = 10 per group). The data are shown as mean ± SEM