Fig. 2.

Immunohistochemistry for Ki67 in the dentate gyrus of treated rats. Ki67 immunostaining in rats treated with vehicle (a), Dendropanax morbifera Léveille stem extract (DMS; b), cadmium alone (Cd; c), cadmium and DMS (Cd-DMS; d), and cadmium plus galantamine (Cd-GAL) (e). In the vehicle-treated group, Ki67-positive nuclei (arrows) are detectable in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus. Note that there are few Ki67-positive nuclei in the Cd-treated group; however, they are comparatively abundant in the Cd-DMS-treated and Cd-GAL-treated groups. GCL, granule cell layer; ML, molecular layer; PoL, polymorphic layer. Scale bar = 100 μm. f: Quantitative analysis of Ki67-positive nuclei per section in the vehicle, DMS-treated, Cd-treated, DMS-Cd-treated, and DMS-GAL-treated rats using an image analyzer (n = 5 per group); ^* indicates a significant difference between the vehicle and Cd groups (p < 0.05); ^# indicates a significant difference between the vehicle and DMS (or GAL) groups (p < 0.05; n = 5 per group). The data are shown as mean ± SEM