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Association between “renal function” formulas and cardiovascular mortality in each population setting using restricted cubic splines. CG-BSA, Cockcroft–Gault formula adjusted for body surface area; MDRD4, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease-4 Formula; CKD-EPI, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation. Models adjusted for sex, smoking status, hypertension history, diagnosis of diabetes, heart rate, and systolic blood pressure
