Exhibit 4.
Predicted Mean Calories For Items Introduced In 2014 By Chain Restaurants With Voluntary Menu Labeling And By Competitors Without Such Labeling, By Restaurant Category And Item Category
| All restaurants | Chicken chains
|
Hamburger chains
|
Fast casual and coffee chains
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chick-fil-A | All others | McDonald’s | All others | Panera and Starbucks | All others | ||
| No. of locations | 2,090 | 12 | 65 | 269 | 855 | 468 | 401 |
|
| |||||||
| Overall | 400.0 | 266.8 | 374.7**** | 311.7 | 440.6 | 269.6 | 286.5 |
| Fooda | 491.9 | 273.8 | 417.0**** | 485.7 | 512.1 | 341.5 | 316.5 |
| Beverages | 416.7 | —b | —b | 324.3 | 514.2** | 288.3 | 292.6** |
SOURCE Authors’ analysis of data from MenuStat (Note 12 in text) and data collected about restaurant characteristics and policies.
NOTES Chick-fil-A, McDonald’s, Panera, and Starbucks used voluntary menu labeling. Mean calories in each year are predicted means from models that adjusted for children’s menu status and whether a restaurant chain is national. Significance refers to differences between restaurants with voluntary national menu labeling in each year and those without such labeling.
Includes all menu categories except beverages and toppings or ingredients.
Not available/applicable.
p < 0.05
p < 0.001