Table 1.

Characteristics of included studies

First author, year; country; study designa	Population (adults (age ≥15 years) on ART) and setting	Timeb	Male (n)	Female (n)	References
Africa
Abaasa, 2008; Uganda; R	ART naïve; urban clinic	31.2	222	675	[20]
Ahonkhai, 2012; South Africa; R	ART naïve; urban and rural clinics and hospitals	60	3818	7579	[21]
Alamo, 2012; Uganda; R	ART experienced and naïve; urban clinics and home-based care	120	237	342	[22]
Alemu, 2010; Ethiopia; R	ART naïve; rural hospital	24	117	155	[23]
Alibhai, 2010; Uganda; P	ART naïve; rural community- and hospital-based clinics	5.5	163	222	[24]
Balcha, 2010; Ethiopia; R	ART naïve; urban and rural clinics and hospitals	24	703	1006	[25]
Bastard, 2011; Senegal; P	ART naïve; urban hospital	108	146	184	[26]
Biadgilign, 2012; Ethiopia; R	ART naïve; hospitals	60	574	963	[27]
Birbeck, 2011; Zambia; P	ART naïve; rural clinics	24	205	291	[28]
Bisson, 2008; Botswana; R	ART naïve; urban clinic	12	166	244	[29]
Boyles, 2011; South Africa; P	ART naïve; rural hospital and clinics	48	563	1231	[30]
Brennan, 2013; South Africa; R	ART naïve, non-pregnant; urban clinic	48	5770	9162	[31]
Brinkhof, 2009, 4 countriesc; R	ART naïve; urban clinics	24	4418	8831	[32]
Chalamilla, 2012; Tanzania; P	ART naïve; urban clinics	36	4383	8459	[33]
Chen, 2008; Malawi; R	ART naïve, urban hospital	30	1122	1716	[34]
Chi, 2009; Zambia; P	ART ≥12 months; urban clinics	36	10,226	16,889	[35]
Chi, 2010; Zambia; R	ART naïve; urban clinics	30	4618	5867	[36]
Chu, 2010; Malawi; R	ART naïve; rural hospital	13	4369	6753	[37]
Cornell, 2009; South Africa; P	ART naïve; urban clinic	12	717	1479	[38]
Cornell, 2012; South Africa; R	ART naïve; urban and rural clinics and hospitals	84	16,108	30,093	[39]
Dalal, 2008; South Africa; R	Patients LTFU ≥6 weeks; urban clinic	15	554	1077	[40]
De Beaudrap, 2008; Senegal; P	95% ART naïve, 5% experienced; urban multiple settings (ANRS-1215)	84	183	221	[41]
De Luca, 2012; Guinea, Malawi, Mozambique; P	ART naïve; urban and rural clinics	40	954	1558	[42]
Deribe, 2013; Ethiopia; CC	ART experienced, TB co-infected; urban hospital	48	124	149	[43]
Desilva, 2009; Nigeria; R	ART naïve; urban clinic	24	452	1100	[44]
Ekouevi, 2010; 5 countriesd; P	ART naïve; urban clinics	12	5542	8810	[45]
Evans, 2012; South Africa; R	ART naïve; urban clinic	12	3205	5204	[46]
Fatti, 2010; South Africa; R	ART naïve urban and rural clinics and hospitals	36	9317	19,886	[47]
Ford, 2010; Lesotho; P	ART naïve; urban and rural clinics and hospitals	24	400	801	[48]
Fox, 2010; South Africa; R	ART naïve; urban clinic	48	2229	3976	[49]
Fox, 2012; South Africa; R	ART naïve, ≥6 months follow-up; urban/rural hospitals/clinics	96	6665	12,980	[50]
Franke, 2011; Rwanda; R	ART-naïve CD4 ≥350, with TB; urban/rural hospitals/clinics	24	121	187	[16]
Geng, 2010; Uganda; P	ART naïve, plus LTFU; rural clinic	45	1415	2213	[51]
Geng, 2010; Uganda; P	ART naïve, plus LTFU; rural clinic	45	1415	2213	[52]
Greig, 2012; 9 countriese; R	ART naïve; urban and rural clinics and hospitals	24	6201	11,360	[53]
Hawkins, 2011; Tanzania; P	ART naïve; urban clinics	33	4383	8459	[54]
Hermans, 2012; Uganda; R	ART naïve; urban university-based clinic	12	2730	4929	[55]
Hoffmann, 2010; South Africa; P	ART naïve; community- and workplace-based clinics	12	8696	5401	[56]
Hoffmann, 2011; South Africa; P	ART naïve with ≥4 years follow-up; national clinics	48	9605	5455	[57]
Johannessen, 2008; Tanzania; P	ART naïve; rural hospital	36	97	223	[58]
Karstaedt, 2012; South Africa; R	ART naïve; urban hospital	56	1030	1608	[59]
Kassa, 2012; Ethiopia; R	ART naïve; urban hospital	60	1737	2473	[60]
Kebebew, 2012; Ethiopia; R	ART naïve; military personnel; urban hospital	12	548	186	[61]
Kipp, 2012; Uganda; P	ART naïve; community- and hospital-based, urban and rural patients	24	163	222	[62]
Kouanda, 2012; Burkina Faso; R	ART naïve; urban and rural clinics	70	1682	3926	[63]
Lowrance, 2009; Rwanda; R	ART naïve; urban and rural clinics and hospitals	12	1123	2071	[64]
MacPherson, 2009; South Africa; R	ART naïve; rural clinics	24	446	907	[65]
Mageda, 2012; Tanzania; R	ART naïve; ≥12 months follow-up; urban and rural clinics and hospitals	60	226	320	[66]
Maman, 2012a; Malawi, Uganda, Kenya; R	ART ≥9 months and >1 CD4 count thereafter; urban/rural clinics	80	4068	8878	[67]
Maman, 2012b; Malawi, Uganda, Kenya; R	ART ≥9 months; urban/rural clinics	60	7682	16,355	[68]
Maman, 2012c; Malawi; P	ART naïve; rural clinic	12	235	338	[69]
Maskew, 2012; South Africa; R	ART naïve; urban clinic	24	3491	5648	[70]
Maskew, 2013; South Africa; R	ART naïve, non-pregnant; urban clinic	36	2733	4621	[71]
Massaquoi, 2009; Malawi; R	ART naïve; rural clinics/hospital	14	1449	2625	[72]
Moore, 2011; Uganda; P	ART naïve in home-based care; rural clinic/home-based care	60	306	826	[73]
Mossdorf, 2011; Tanzania; P	ART naïve; rural hospital; 7.6% with TB	12	518	945	[74]
Mosha, 2013; Tanzania; P	ART naïve; urban hospital	12	70	164	[75]
Mujugira, 2009; Botswana; R	ART naïve, CD4 <50; urban hospital	12	144	205	[17]
Murphy, 2010; South Africa; P	ART experienced patients with virologic failure; urban clinics	5.5	70	71	[76]
Mutevedzi, 2010; South Africa; P	ART naïve; urban/rural hospital/clinics	12	1836	3883	[77]
Mutevedzi, 2011; South Africa; R	ART naïve; urban/rural hospital/clinics	24	3011	5835	[78]
Mzileni, 2008; South Africa; P	ART naïve; urban hospital	18	1002	2071	[79]
Negin, 2011; Malawi; R	ART naïve; ≥25 years old; mixed settings	60	4099	6789	[80]
Nglazi, 2011; South Africa; P	ART naïve; semi-urban clinics	84	1046	2116	[81]
Odafe, 2012; Nigeria; R	ART naïve; non-pregnant; hospitals	36	1945	2840	[82]
Ojikutu, 2008; South Africa; R	ART naïve and experienced; urban clinic	62	132	174	[83]
Palombi, 2009; Guinea, Malawi, Mozambique; R	ART naïve; urban clinics	42	1800	2325	[84]
Palombi, 2010; Mozambique; P	ART naïve with ≥2 CD4 counts; urban and rural clinics	3	312	441	[85]
Peltzer, 2011; South Africa; P	ART naïve; urban and rural hospitals	12	217	518	[86]
Peterson, 2011, Gambia; P	ART naïve; urban hospital	36	121	238	[87]
Poka-Mayap, 2013; Cameroon; R	ART naïve; urban clinic	60	617	827	[88]
Rougemont, 2009; Cameroon; P	ART naïve; urban hospital	6	106	198	[89]
Russell, 2010; South Africa; P	ART naïve; urban clinics	9	542	808	[90]
Schoni-Affolter, 2011; Zambia; P	ART naïve; multiple sites; these data restricted to Zambia cohort	41	34,907	54,432	[91]
Sieleunou, 2009; Cameroon; R	ART naïve; rural hospital	60	660	527	[92]
Siika, 2010; Kenya; CC	ART experienced; randomly selected deceased patients matched 1:2 to living; urban/rural clinics/hospitals	69	613	968	[93]
Somi, 2012; Tanzania; R	ART naïve; national clinics	60	29,869	59,006	[94]
Steele, 2011; Botswana; P	ART naïve; urban clinic	6	152	250	[95]
Sunpath, 2012; South Africa; P	ART naïve patients with TB or other OIs; urban hospital	5.5	198	184	[96]
Taylor-Smith, 2010; Malawi; R	ART experienced, some naïve; HCWs, teachers, policy/army personnel; urban/rural hospitals/clinics	36	2346	2324	[97]
Toure, 2008; Côte d’Ivoire; P	ART naïve; mixed sites	32	3024	7187	[98]
Van Cutsem, 2011; South Africa; P	ART naïve; semi-urban clinics	24	2067	4344	[99]
Wandeler, 2012; Lesotho, Mozambique, Zimbabwe; P	ART ≥3 months; rural hospitals and clinics	36	2707	5018	[100]
Weigel, 2011; Malawi; CS	Patients LTFU ≥2 weeks; urban clinic	na	308	351	[101]
Wubshet, 2012; Ethiopia; R	ART naïve, non-pregnant; urban hospital	66	1349	1663	[102]
Zachariah, 2009; Malawi; R	ART naïve; rural clinics	3	706	1610	[103]
Eastern Europe/central Asia
Tsertsvadze, 2011; Georgia; R	ART naïve; 60% drug users; national mixed settings	60	570	182	[14]
Latin American and Caribbean countries
Wolff, 2010; Chile; P	ART naïve; transmission 2% drug use, >50% homosexual; mixed sites	84	4297	818	[104]
Asia
Alvarez-Uria, 2013; India; R	ART experience unclear; drug use NR; rural hospitals	60	1876	1283	[105]
Argemi, 2012; Cambodia; R	ART naïve; drug use NR; rural clinic	56	498	504	[106]
Bastard, 2013; Laos; R	ART naïve; non-pregnant; urban hospital; drug use NR	60	507	405	[107]
Bhowmik, 2012; India; R	ART naïve; drug use NR; urban tertiary hospital	12	502	254	[108]
Chen, 2013; China; R	ART ≥3 months, 40% infected through drug use; rural/semirural clinics	14	1211	756	[109]
Dou, 2011; China; R	ART naïve, 20% infected through drug use; national ART database	24	2047	1410	[110]
Fregonese, 2012; Thailand; P	ART ≥3 months, past-PMTCT included; drug use NR; urban/rural hospitals	60	408	1170	[111]
Kumarasamy, 2008; India; P	ART ≥12 months; drug use NR; urban tertiary HIV centre	12	1512	460	[112]
Limmahakhun, 2012; Thailand; R	ART naïve and experienced with TB; drug use NR; urban hospital	120	100	71	[113]
Rai, 2013; India; R	ART naïve; drug use NR; urban clinic	36	182	57	[114]
Sabapathy, 2012; Burma; P	ART naïve; drug use NR; rural clinics	60	3656	2307	[115]
Susaengrat, 2011; Thailand; R	ART naïve; 88% heterosexual transmission (drug use NR); urban hospital	45	548	438	[116]
Thai, 2009, Cambodia; P	ART naïve; drug use NR; urban hospital	57	824	843	[117]
Tran, 2013; Vietnam; P	ART naïve; 65% infected through drug use; urban and rural clinics	6	2573	867	[118]
van Griensven, 2011; Cambodia; R	ART naïve; drug use NR; urban tertiary hospital	60	1333	1507	[119]
Zhang, 2008; China; R	ART naïve former plasma donors; data here are restricted to those on ART; mixed sites, national database	144	1302	1402	[120]
Zhang, 2009; China; P	ART naïve; 37.8% history of drug use; national database	60	28,320	20,441	[121]
Zhang, 2012; China; R	ART ≥7.5 months; 22% infected through drug use; national database	42	16,821	10,669	[122]
Multi-region studies
Brinkhof, 2008; 11 countriesf; P	ART naïve, drug use NR; multiple sites	12	2972	2519	[123]
Wandel, 2008; 3 countriesg; R	ART naive; drug use NR; multiple sites	330	1272	800	[124]

ART, antiretroviral therapy; NR, not reported; na, not applicable; TB, tuberculosis; CD4, CD4+ cells/mL; OIs, opportunistic infections; LTFU, lost to follow-up; HCW, healthcare worker; PMTCT, prevention of mother-to-child transmission

^astudy design: P, prospective cohort; R, retrospective cohort; CS, cross-sectional; CC, case–control

^btime in months since initiation of ART

^cCôte d’Ivoire, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe

^dBenin, Côte d’Ivoire, Gambia, Mali, Senegal

^eCentral African Republic, Côte d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe

^fMorocco, Botswana, Malawi, South Africa, Kenya, Côte d’Ivoire, Nigeria, Senegal, Brazil, India, Thailand

^gUganda, Côte d’Ivoire, Thailand.