Table 2.
Results of Weighted Linear Regression – Social Norms by Tobacco User Groups (Non-user, Single-product User and Dual/Multiple-product User), (n = 3907; N = 461,069)
| Non-user (1) 89.5% (n = 3574; N = 412,677) |
Single-product (2) 6.56% (n = 206; N = 30,238) |
Dual/Multiple-product (3) 3.94% (n = 127; N = 18,153) |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Descriptive Norms | |||||
|
How common is it for people your age to smoke/use …a |
Meane (95% CI) |
Mean (95% CI) |
Mean (95% CI) |
p-value | Cohen’s df |
| E-cigarettes | 2.31 (2.23–2.40) |
3.04 A (2.69–3.39) |
2.95 A (2.63–3.27) |
<.001 | 1 vs 2: 0.84 vs 3: 0.79 vs 3: 0.00 |
| Cigarettes | 2.19 A (2.11–2.27) |
2.44 AB (2.10–2.78) |
2.73 B (2.43–3.04) |
<.001 | 1 vs 2: 0.38 vs 3: 0.62 vs 3: 0.25 |
| Hookah | 2.05 (1.96–2.14) |
2.51 A (2.17–2.85) |
2.90 A (2.60–3.20) |
<.001 | 1 vs 2: 0.61 vs 3: 0.94 vs 3: 0.34 |
| Cigars | 1.86 A (1.77–1.95) |
2.12 AB (1.85–2.39) |
2.60 B (2.16–3.05) |
<.001 | 1 vs 2: 0.42 vs 3: 0.81 vs 3: 0.39 |
| Smokeless Tobacco | 1.72 A (1.64–1.80) |
1.91 A (1.47–2.35) |
2.05 A (1.62–2.47) |
<.001 | 1 vs 2: 0.24 vs 3: 0.38 vs 3: 0.14 |
|
How many of your close friends smoke / use …b |
|||||
| E-cigarettes | 1.49 (1.44–1.54) |
2.33 A (2.08–2.57) |
2.45 A (2.08–2.82) |
<.001 | 1 vs 2: 0.95 1 vs 3: 1.03 2 vs 3: 0.15 |
| Cigarettes | 1.36 (1.32–1.40) |
1.82 (1.65–2.00) |
2.35 (1.96–2.74) |
<.001 | 1 vs 2: 0.80 1 vs 3: 0.91 2 vs 3: 0.53 |
| Hookah | 1.39 (1.34–1.44) |
1.67 (1.48–1.87) |
2.39 (2.03–2.74) |
<.001 | 1 vs 2: 0.55 1 vs 3: 1.05 2 vs 3: 0.79 |
| Cigars | 1.33 (1.28–1.38) |
1.76 (1.48–2.03) |
2.38 (1.98–2.78) |
<.001 | 1 vs 2: 0.73 1 vs 3: 1.02 2 vs 3: 0.54 |
| Smokeless Tobacco | 1.20 A (1.16–1.25) |
1.43 AB (1.17–1.68) |
1.91 B (1.51–2.31) |
<.001 | 1 vs 2: 0.42 1 vs 3: 0.62 2 vs 3: 0.57 |
| Injunctive Norms | |||||
| I would date someone who…c |
Meane (95% CI) |
Meane (95% CI) |
Meane (95% CI) |
p–value | Cohen’s d |
| Uses E-cigarettes | 1.50 (1.45–1.55) |
2.29 (2.07–2.52) |
2.89 (2.41–3.37) |
<.001 | 1 vs 2: 0.76 1 vs 3: 1.12 2 vs 3: 0.48 |
| Smokes cigarettes | 1.26 A (1.23–1.29) |
1.49 A (1.26–1.73) |
2.30 (1.83–2.76) |
<.001 | 1 vs 2: 0.42 1 vs 3: 1.57 2 vs 3: 0.85 |
| Smoke hookah | 1.38 (1.34–1.42) |
1.82 (1.64–2.01) |
2.78 (2.26–3.30) |
<.001 | 1 vs 2: 0.70 1 vs 3: 1.08 2 vs 3: 0.87 |
| Smokes cigars | 1.26 (1.23–1.29) |
1.58 (1.41–1.75) |
2.27 (1.88–2.67) |
<.001 | 1 vs 2: 0.58 1 vs 3: 0.78 2 vs 3: 0.72 |
| Uses smokeless tobacco | 1.22 A (1.19–1.24) |
1.38 A (1.22–1.54) |
1.70 A (1.31–2.10) |
<.001 | 1 vs 2: 0.29 1 vs 3: 0.47 2 vs 3: 0.29 |
|
Do you think it is okay for people your age to smoke/ use ?d |
|||||
| E-cigarettes | 1.28 (1.25–1.31) |
1.94 A (1.78–2.09) |
2.24 A (1.90–2.58) |
<.001 | 1 vs 2: 0.92 1 vs 3: 1.06 2 vs 3: 0.37 |
| Cigarettes | 1.10 (1.08–1.13) |
1.34 A (1.18–1.51) |
1.65 A (1.35–1.95) |
<.001 | 1 vs 2: 0.67 1 vs 3: 0.66 2 vs 3: 0.47 |
| Hookah | 1.20 (1.17–1.22) |
1.53 (1.37–1.69) |
1.99 (1.67–2.30) |
<.001 | 1 vs 2: 0.81 1 vs 3: 0.96 2 vs 3: 0.66 |
| Cigars | 1.12 (1.09–1.14) |
1.44 A (1.31–1.58) |
1.69 A (1.39–1.99) |
<.001 | 1 vs 2: 0.94 1 vs 3: 0.70 2 vs 3: 0.37 |
| Smokeless tobacco | 1.11 A (1.09–1.13) |
1.28 AB (1.13–1.43) |
1.59 B (1.28–1.89) |
<.001 | 1 vs 2: 0.46 1 vs 3: 0.58 2 vs 3: 0.52 |
Note.
All analyses adjusted for sex, grade, race/ethnicity and family income
Measured on a 1–5 scale from “not at all common” to “very common”
Measured on a 1–5 scale from “none” to “all”
Measured on a 1–5 scale from “disagree” to “agree”
Measured on a 1–5 scale from “definitely not” to “definitely yes”
Adjusted means were calculated post-estimation. Regression coefficients are available on request. Means in cells sharing a letter are not significantly different at the 5% level; p-value adjusted with Bonferroni correction
Effect sizes are classified as small (d=0.20), medium (d=0.50) and large (d≥0.80)