Figure 6.

Sleep deprivation impairs the induction of short-term memory (STM) for at least 24 h. To determine the persistence of sleep deprivation on short-term memory, animals were sleep deprived for 9 h and allowed to recover for 24 or 48 h prior to learning that food is inedible (LFI) training. (A) Animals were sleep deprived from ZT 15–ZT 24, allowed to recover for 24 h, and trained at ZT 1 the following day. Acute sleep deprivation inhibited STM when animals were trained 24 h after sleep deprivation. Trained sleep deprived animals (Sl Dep Test) did not exhibit STM with significantly longer total response times compared to trained non-sleep deprived animals (Control Test; one-way analysis of variance [ANOVA] F(4,37) = 31.87, P < 0.0001). Numbers of animals in each group are shown above the columns. Asterisks represent Bonferroni post hoc analyses ****P < 0.0001. (B) Trained daytime handled animals (Hand Test) had significantly shorter total response times compared to naïve animals (one-way ANOVA F(2,13) = 32.06, P < 0.0001). Asterisks represent Bonferroni post hoc analyses ****P < 0.0001. (C) Forty-eight hours recovery time ameliorated the effects of sleep deprivation on STM as trained sleep deprived animals (Sl Dep Test) demonstrated STM compared to naïve animals, although the memory was not as robust as in trained non-sleep deprived animals (Control Test; one-way ANOVA F(4,66) = 36, P < 0.0001). Asterisks represent Bonferroni post hoc analyses. ****P < 0.0001 for testing between naive and non-sleep deprived animals and between naïve and sleep deprived animals. ***P < 0.001 for testing between non-sleep deprived and sleep deprived animals