Table 1. Baseline characteristics of randomized participants by treatment group.
| Sulforaphane Dose Group | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Placebo | 25 μmoles | 150 μmoles | Total | |
| N randomized | 31 | 29 | 29 | 89 |
| Years of age, median (IQR) | 59 (52–67) | 59 (54–65) | 56 (52–62) | 58(54–65) |
| Male, n (%) | 16 (52%) | 17 (59%) | 21 (72%) | 54 (61%) |
| Race or ethnic group, n (%) | ||||
| White | 20 (65%) | 16 (55%) | 15 (52%) | 51 (57%) |
| Black | 11 (35%) | 13 (45%) | 14 (48%) | 38 (43%) |
| Hispanic | 0 (0%) | 1 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) |
| COPD Characteristics n (%) | ||||
| 10 or more pack years of smoking history | 30 (100%) | 29 (100%) | 29 (100%) | 88 (100%) |
| Smoke cigarettes now | 20 (65%) | 16 (55%) | 18 (62%) | 54 (61%) |
| Smoke 10 or more cigarettes a day now | 10 (32%) | 9 (31%) | 10 (34%) | 29 (33%) |
| COPD exacerbation in prior 12 months | 5 (16%) | 7 (24%) | 7 (24%) | 19 (21%) |
| Pulmonary Function Measures (post-BD) median (IQR) | ||||
| Post bronchodilator FEV1 (%predicted) | 61 (54–70) | 54 (50–65) | 65 (55–72) | 61 (53–70) |
| Post bronchodilator FEV1/FVC ratio | 0.56 (0.51–0.63) | 0.52 (0.47–0.59) | 0.57 (0.50–0.63) | 0.56 (0.48–0.62) |
| DLCO (mL/mmHg/min) | 14.8 (11.8–19.5) | 15.7 (12.1–19.3) | 16.3 (12.3–21.4) | 15.7 (12.1–20.9) |
| TLC (Liters) | 6.0 (4.7–7.3) | 5.5 (4.9–6.8) | 6.3 (5.7–7.0) | 6.0 (5.0–7.2) |
| SVC (Liters) | 3.1 (2.4–4.1) | 3.0 (2.8–3.7) | 3.7 (3.1–4.4) | 3.3 (2.7–4.1) |
| FRC (Liters) | 3.6 (3.1–4.5) | 3.6 (3.0–4.1) | 3.4 (3.0–3.9) | 3.5 (3.0–4.2) |
| RV (Liters) | 2.6 (2.5–3.4) | 2.6 (2.2–3.5) | 2.7 (2.3–2.9) | 2.6 (2.2–3.2) |
| Pulse oximetry (%) | 95 (94–97) | 96 (95–97) | 96 (94–97) | 96 (94–97) |
| Use of respiratory medications in prior 2 weeks, n (%) | ||||
| Short acting beta-agonist (SABA) | 22 (71%) | 21 (72%) | 18 (62%) | 61 (69%) |
| Short-acting anticholinergic bronchodilator | 1 (3%) | 1 (3%) | 2 (7%) | 4 (4%) |
| SABA and short-acting anticholinergics | 3 (10%) | 1 (3%) | 4 (14%) | 8 (9%) |
| Long-acting beta-agonist (LABA) | 2 (6%) | 1 (3%) | 2 (7%) | 5 (6%) |
| Inhaled corticosteroids | 2 (6%) | 2 (7%) | 3 (10%) | 7 (8%) |
| LABA and inhaled corticosteroid | 14 (45%) | 13 (45%) | 13 (45%) | 40 (45%) |
| Long-acting anticholinergic bronchodilator | 7 (23%) | 9 (31%) | 10 (34%) | 26 (29%) |
| Leukotriene modifiers | 0 (0%) | 2 (7%) | 2 (7%) | 4 (4%) |
| Aspirin | 7 (23%) | 7 (24%) | 8 (28%) | 22 (25%) |
| Anticoagulants or Others (Warfarin, Clopidogrel, Dabigatran, other) | 2 (6%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (3%) | 3 (3%) |
| Medical Research Council Dyspnea Score median (IQR) | 2(1–3) | 2(2–3) | 2(1–3) | 2(1–3) |
| St Georges Respiratory questionnaire median (IQR) | ||||
| Total score | 43 (24–58) | 47 (27–56) | 39 (24–54) | 40 (26–56) |
| Symptoms score | 58 (32–70) | 55 (43–68) | 50 (31–57) | 52 (36–68) |
| Activity score | 54 (30–74) | 60 (47–74) | 50 (41–73) | 55 (36–74) |
| Impacts score | 27 (17–44) | 34 (15–46) | 26 (13–42) | 28 (15–44) |
| Other self-reported co-morbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Cardiac | 3 (10%) | 2 (7%) | 4 (14%) | 9 (10%) |
| Stroke | 0 (0%) | 2 (7%) | 1 (3%) | 3 (3%) |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | 4 (13%) | 2 (7%) | 8 (28%) | 14 (16%) |
| Diabetes | 7 (23%) | 2 (7%) | 6 (21%) | 15 (17%) |
| High blood pressure | 19 (61%) | 16 (55%) | 17 (59%) | 52 (58%) |
| Hepatitis/liver disease | 3 (10%) | 2 (7%) | 4 (14%) | 9 (10%) |
| Neurological | 1 (3%) | 3 (10%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (4%) |
| Psychological | 8 (26%) | 6 (21%) | 5 (17%) | 19 (21%) |
| Cancer | 3 (10%) | 2 (7%) | 3 (10%) | 8 (9%) |
| Other condition* | 19 (61%) | 16 (55%) | 18 (62%) | 53 (60%) |
Abbreviations: IQR = interquartile range
**Gout, kidney disease, rheumatoid arthritis and other