Table 4. Result of Multilevel Analyses for Teenage Motherhood: Adjusted Odds Ratios (and 95% CI).
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 2 for women with higher education (n = 20,024) | Model 2 for women with lower education (n = 1,135) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted OR (95%CI) | Adjusted OR (95%CI) | Adjusted OR (95%CI) | Adjusted OR (95%CI) | |
| Fixed effect | ||||
| Individual level | ||||
| Education | ||||
| Junior-high school | 9.39 (7.48–11.80) *** | 9.52 (7.56–12.0) *** | ||
| High school or over | Reference | Reference | ||
| Couple's income (JPY) | ||||
| < 2 million | 5.65 (4.53–7.05) *** | 5.67 (4.54–7.08) *** | 7.40 (5.59–9.78) *** | 4.23 (2.95–6.08) *** |
| ≥ 2 million | Reference | Reference | Reference | 1 |
| Smoking habits | ||||
| Nonsmoker | Reference | Reference | ||
| Smoker | 1.65 (1.31–2.07) *** | 1.63 (1.30–2.05) *** | ||
| Cohabiting with the child's father | ||||
| Yes | Reference | Reference | ||
| No | 1.39 (1.00–1.92) * | 1.42 (1.03–1.96) * | ||
| Living in a three-generation household | ||||
| Yes | 2.95 (2.38–3.65) *** | 2.81 (2.26–3.49) *** | ||
| No | Reference | Reference | ||
| Area level | ||||
| Single-mother household(%) | ||||
| Q1 (5.3–6.0) | Reference | Reference | 1 | |
| Q2 (6.0–6.2) | 1.24 (0.9–1.77) | 1.44 (0.9–2.27) | 0.89 (0.5–1.63) | |
| Q3 (6.2–6.6) | 1.37 (0.8–2.27) | 1.41 (0.7–2.67) | 1.47 (0.7–3.28) | |
| Q4 (6.7–7.1) | 1.75 (1.1–2.85) * | 1.56 (0.8–2.93) | 1.95 (0.9–4.29) | |
| Q5 (7.2–10.7) | 1.17 (0.8–1.79) | 1.43 (0.8–2.48) | 0.91 (0.5–1.74) | |
| Three-generation household (%) | ||||
| Q1 (3.6–8.1) | Reference | Reference | 1 | |
| Q2 (8.2–10.7) | 1.38 (0.9–2.05) | 1.33 (0.8–2.21) | 1.48 (0.8–2.76) | |
| Q3 (11.6–15.1) | 1.90 (1.11–3.26) * | 2.25 (1.15–4.42) * | 1.29 (0.52–3.16) | |
| Q4 (15.7–18.8) | 1.24 (0.8–1.93) | 1.32 (0.8–2.29) | 1.29 (0.6–2.67) | |
| Q5 (19.0–28.1) | 1.84 (1.2–2.84) ** | 2.21 (1.3–3.76) ** | 1.23 (0.6–2.68) | |
| College enrollment (%) | ||||
| T1 (29.9–40.6) | Reference | Reference | 1 | |
| T2 (41.5–48.1) | 0.45 (0.2–0.82) * | 0.49 (0.2–1.03) | 0.44 (0.2–1.18) | |
| T3 (48.3–56.2) | 0.44 (0.2–0.81) * | 0.46 (0.2–0.96) * | 0.50 (0.2–1.33) | |
| Abortion rate | ||||
| T1 (5.6–11.1) | Reference | Reference | 1 | |
| T2 (11.3–14.7) | 1.05 (0.7–1.49) | 0.99 (0.6–1.52) | 0.97 (0.5–1.76) | |
| T3 (14.9–19.1) | 0.95 (0.6–1.45) | 0.91 (0.5–1.57) | 0.91 (0.5–1.75) | |
| Juvenile crime rate | ||||
| Q1 (6.6–9.9) | Reference | Reference | 1 | |
| Q2 (10.1–11.7) | 0.62 (0.39–0.98) * | 0.61 (0.35–1.09) | 0.63 (0.30–1.32) | |
| Q3 (11.8–13.4) | 0.70 (0.5–1.01) | 0.75 (0.5–1.19) | 0.69 (0.4–1.27) | |
| Q4 (13.5–16.1) | 0.95 (0.6–1.49) | 1.00 (0.6–1.73) | 0.94 (0.4–1.98) | |
| Q5 (16.3–20.1) | 1.23 (0.8–1.92) | 1.20 (0.7–2.10) | 1.40 (0.7–2.90) | |
| Per capita income | ||||
| T1 (2.1–2.7) | Reference | Reference | ||
| T2 (2.8–3.0) | 1.28 (0.7–2.44) | 1.20 (0.5–2.68) | 1.17 (0.4–3.34) | |
| T3 (3.0–4.6) | 2.30 (1.18–4.46) * | 2.05 (0.89–4.73) | 2.17 (0.77–6.13) * | |
| Random effect | ||||
| Area-level variance (standard error) | 0.053 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| sigma_u | 0.23 | 5E-04 | 5E-04 | 0.001 |
| p value for variance of random intercept = 0 | 0.03 | 1 | 1 | 0.496 |
Adjusted by smoking, cohabitating with the child's father,and living in a three-generation
*p <0.05,
** p <0.01,
***p <0.001