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. 2016 Nov 10;11(11):e0166408. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166408

Table 2. System-wise classification of anomalies.

Affected system Anomalya Number of cases Prevalence per 10,000 births Number of affected live births Prevalence per 10 000 live births
All anomalies 42 230.51 (170.99–310.11) 30 168.44 (118.24–239.44)
Congenital heart defects 12 65.86 (37.72–114.77) 11 61.76 (34.52–110.26)
Complex congenital heart defects 2 10.98 (3.01–39.94) 2 11.28 (3.08–40.85)
Atrial septal defect 8 43.91 (22.27–86.40) 8 45.12 (22.78–88.39)
Ventricular septal defect 5 27.44 (11.73–64.08) 5 28.2 (12.00–65.55)
Other (includes one case each of double outlet right ventricle, single ventricle, tricuspid atresia, pulmonary valve atresia, aortic valve atresia and two cases of atrioventricular septal defect) 7 38.42 (18.62–79.09) 6 33.69 (15.45–73.31)
Musculoskeletal system anomalies 9 49.4 (26.01–93.61) 7 39.3 (19.05–80.91)
Talipes equinovarus 6 32.93 (15.10–71.66) 4 22.46 (8.74–57.61)
Other (includes one case each of diaphragmatic hernia, cranio-facial dysmorphism, congenital scoliosis) 3 16.47 (5.60–48.30) 3 16.47 (5.73–49.41)
Urinary system anomalies 7 38.42 (18.62–79.09) 5 28.2 (12.00–65.55)
Congenital hydronephrosis (>10 mm) 3 16.47 (5.60–48.30) 3 16.92 (5.73–49.41)
Polycystic kidney disease 2 10.98 (3.01–39.94) 2 11.28 (3.08–40.85)
Other (includes one case each of bilateral renal agenesis and bladder outflow obstruction) 2 10.98 (3.01–39.94) - -
Nervous system anomalies 5 27.44 (11.73–64.08) - -
Neural tube defects including anencephaly (1), spina bifida (3) and encephalocele (1) 5 27.44 (11.73–64.08) - -
Other (includes one case of holoprosencephaly and two cases of Dandy Walker malformation) 3 16.47 (5.60–48.30) - -
Digestive system anomalies includes one case each of tracheoesophageal fistula, duodenal atresia, hyperechogenic bowel and cleft palate 4 21.95 (8.54–56.31) 2 11.28 (3.08–40.85)
Genital anomalies 3 16.47 (5.60–48.30) 3 16.92 (5.73–49.41)
Hypospadias 2 10.98 (3.01–39.94) 2 11.28 (3.08–40.85)
Indeterminate sex 1 5.49 (0.97–31.02) 1 5.64 (0.99–31.74)
Respiratory system anomalies Congenital cystadenomatoid malformation of the lung 2 10.98 (3.01–39.94) - -
Incomplete information to classify 4 21.95 (8.54–56.31) 3 16.92 (5.73–49.41)

a Multiple anomalies have been counted once in each class