Table 1. Characteristics of Included Studies of Children listed by Measurement Type.
| Citation | Country | Design | Age Range | N | Response Rate % | Prevalence Outcomes | Criteria | Results % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Self-reported behavior | ||||||||
| Abdel-Khalek [37] | Kuwait | Cross-sectional | 14–18 | 2574 | ns | 1 month | ‘much’ and ‘very much’ response on 5-point scale (no, a little, moderate, much, very much) | 10.0 |
| Ghalebandi et al [38] | Iran | Cross-sectional | 5–10+ | 4309 | 71.82 | ns | ‘almost always’ and ‘frequently’ response on 5-point scale (almost always, frequently, occasionally, rarely, never) | 0.39 |
| Ipsiroglu et al [39] | Austria | Cross-sectional | 10–15 | 332 | 99.70 | Lifetime | ‘very often’ and ‘occasionally’ on 3-point scale (never, occasionally, very often) | 15.10 |
| Stallman et al [40] | Australia | Cross-sectional | 17–18 | 532 | ns | 1 month | How frequently in previous month not during the past month’, ‘less than once a week’, ‘once or twice a week’, ‘three or more times a week’ | 2.90 |
| Wiechers et al [31] | Germany | Cross-sectional | M = 9.6 | 1144 | 65.00 | Current | ‘sometimes’ or ‘often’ on 3-point scale (never/rarely, sometimes, often) | 4.80 |
| Yang et al [41] | China | Cross-sectional | 12–18 | 846 | ns | 6 months | At least one experience | 4.00 |
| Parent-reported behavior | ||||||||
| Abe [42] | Japan | Cross-sectional | 3 | 342 | 55.97 | Lifetime | Yes/no | 4.58 |
| Abe et al [43] | Japan | Longitudinal | 8 | 363 | 50.14 | Lifetime | ns | 4.13 |
| Agargun et al [44] | Turkey | Cross-sectional | 7–11 | 971 | 86.60 | 6 months | ‘frequently/always’ response on 4-point scale (never, rarely, occasionally, frequently/always) | 1.2 |
| Archbold et al [45] | USA | Cross-sectional | 2–14 | 1038 | 74.14 | Lifetime | Yes/no | 14.8 |
| Bharti et al [46] | India | Cross-sectional | 3–10 | 103 | ns | ns | ns | 1.90 |
| Blader et al [47] | USA | Cross-sectional | 5–12 | 987 | 59.82 | 6 months | Any response greater than ‘none’ on 4-point scale (none, <1 night per month, 1–2 nights per week, >3 nights per week) | 9.80 |
| Buhler & Largo [48] | Switzerland | Cross-sectional | 6–18 | 320 | ns | Lifetime | ns | 5.00 |
| Cai et al [49] | China | Cross-sectional | 2–12 | 3756 | ns | Lifetime | ns | 0.90 |
| Fisher & Wilson [50] | Canada | Cross-sectional | 5–18 | 1695 | 40.03 | 12 months | “At least once” | 21.00 |
| Current | “Still sleepwalking” | 14.00 | ||||||
| Goodwin et al [51] a Furet et al [52] | USA | Longitudinal | 6–11 | 480 | 6.80 | Current | more than three times/month on 4-point scale (Never, less than three times per month, three to five times per month, or more than five times per month) | 3.50 |
| 9–17 | 350 | 4.96 | 1 month | 1.40 | ||||
| Greene et al [53] | UK | Longitudinal | 5 | 7830 | 45.53 | Lifetime | ‘mild’ and ‘severe’ response on 3-point scale (non, mild, severe) | 24.19 |
| Kilincaslan et al [32] | Turkey | Cross-sectional | M = 16.09 | 3485 | 92.20 | 6 months | Above median number of occurrences in cohort | 5.70 |
| Klackenberg [54–56] | Sweden | Longitudinal | 8 16 | 194 180 | 97.34 85.00 | Lifetime | ‘seldom’ response or more on 5-point scale (never, seldom, sometimes, often, always) | 6.29 40.0 |
| Laberge [57] | Canada | Longitudinal | 13 | 1353 | 67.65 | Lifetime | Presence of sleepwalking | 5.80 |
| Lehmkuhl et al [58] | Germany | Cross-sectional | M = 5.52 | 4793 | 28.9653.30 | Current | ‘sometimes’ or ‘often’ response on 3-point scale (never, sometimes, often) | 3.3 |
| Liu et al [59] | China | Cross-sectional | 7–13 | 517 | 91.50 | 1 week | Yes/no | 6.00 |
| Liu et al [60] | China | Cross-sectional | 2–12 | 5979 | 90.59 | 6 months | Yes/no | 0.60 |
| Neveus et al [33] | Sweden | Cross-sectional | 6–11 | 1413 | 74.00 | Current | At least once per month or more on 5-point scale (daily, every week, every month, less than monthly, at an earlier age) | 7.20 |
| Petit et al [61, 62] | Canada | Longitudinal | 2–6 13 | 14921011 | 55.77 37.79 | 12 months | ‘sometimes’ or ‘frequently’ response on 4-point scale (never, seldom, sometimes, frequently) | 14.50 12.80 |
| Simonds & Parraga [63] | USA | Cross-sectional | 5–18 | 309 | 83.74 | 6 months | At least one episode | 10.03 |
| Smedje et al [64, 65] | Sweden | Longitudinal | 5–7 6–8 | 1844635 | 83.25 34.44 | 6 months | Any response greater than ‘never’ on 5-point scale (never, occasionally, once or twice per week, 3 or 4 days per week, at least 5 days per week) | 8.30 |
| Stallman et al [66] | Australia | Cross-sectional | 5–10 | 1814 | 25.2 | 1 week | at least once; 4-point scale (never, rarely, sometimes, usually | 10.5 |
| Steinsbekk et al [67, 68] | Norway | Longitudinal | 4 | 995 | 79.60 | 3 months | Anders criteria[69] | 0.70 |
| 6 | 795 | 63.60 | 3.50 | |||||
| Tomás Vila et al [70] | Spain | Cross-sectional | 6–17 | 887 | 68.75 | Lifetime | Yes/no | 12.50 |
| Vaher et al [71] | Estonia | Cross-sectional | 8–9 | 703 | 66.00 | Current6 months | Yes/no | 28.59 |
| Wiechers et al [31] | Germany | Cross-sectional | M = 9.6 | 1144 | 65.00 | Current | ‘sometimes’ or ‘often’ on 3-point scale (never/rarely, sometimes, often) | 9.20 |
| Xiong et al [72] | China | Cross-sectional | b | 2848 | b | b | b | 2.84 |
| Diagnosis | ||||||||
| Fisher et al [73] | UK | Longitudinal | 12 | 6796 | 46.23 | 6 months | DSM-IV | 12.55 |
| Ozgun, et al [74] | Turkey | Cross-sectional | 6–18 | 4144 | 83.7 | Current | ICSD-2 | 4.20 |
| Ramírez et al [75] | Columbia | Cross-sectional | 5–12 | 296 | 91.60 | ns | DSM-IV | 7.40 |
| Shang et al [76] | Taiwan | Cross-sectional | 4–9 | 1391 | 91.60 | Lifetime | Yes/no DSM-IV | 8.60 |
| 1 month | 1.00 | |||||||
ns = not specified
aexact data reported in a second paper is not included in this paper
bfull paper not accessible