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. 2016 Nov 11;7:1692. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01692

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Copyright © 2016 Hiltenbrand, Thomas, McCarthy, Dykema, Spurr, Newhart, Winn and Mukherjee.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Azorhizobium caulinodans can colonize rice NLS. (A) Comparison of total bacterial colony-forming units (cfu) determined by serial dilution and plate counts of bacteria between non-surface sterilized and surface sterilized (i.e., interior) roots of rice seedlings inoculated with Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571 following treatment with 2,4-D. The data are the mean ± SE of five experiments. Each experiment had at least three plants. Asterisk (^∗) denotes significant difference between the two conditions by t-test (P < 0.001). (B,C) Show localization of bacteria inside rice NLS and lateral roots by histochemical staining with X-Gal. The staining was performed following surface sterilization of these roots.