TABLE 1—
Select Sample Characteristics at Baseline: Jackson Heart Study; Jackson, MS; 2000
| Total CVD Eventsa |
Neighborhood Disadvantageb |
||||||
| Characteristic | No | Yes | P | High | Medium | Low | P |
| No. of participants | 3864 | 232 | 1352 | 1432 | 1312 | ||
| Age, y, mean | 53.4 | 64.2 | < .001 | 58.0 | 53.9 | 50.1 | < .001 |
| Gender, % | .38 | < .001 | |||||
| Female | 64.9 | 62.1 | 68.5 | 65.1 | 60.5 | ||
| Male | 35.1 | 37.9 | 31.5 | 34.9 | 39.5 | ||
| Education, % | < .001 | < .001 | |||||
| ≤ high school or GED | 34.6 | 50.9 | 50.0 | 35.8 | 20.4 | ||
| Some college | 30.2 | 22.8 | 26.2 | 31.6 | 31.6 | ||
| ≥ college | 35.1 | 24.5 | 23.5 | 32.5 | 48.0 | ||
| Missing | 0.1 | 1.7 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | ||
| Family income level,c % | < .001 | < .001 | |||||
| Low | 11.7 | 16.8 | 18.1 | 11.3 | 6.3 | ||
| Lower-middle | 19.5 | 28.0 | 28.3 | 21.0 | 10.4 | ||
| Upper-middle | 26.3 | 24.6 | 24.7 | 26.3 | 27.6 | ||
| High | 27.8 | 19.8 | 15.2 | 26.4 | 40.9 | ||
| Missing | 14.7 | 10.8 | 13.7 | 15.0 | 14.8 | ||
| Smoking status, % | < .001 | < .001 | |||||
| Current | 11.7 | 18.0 | 14.0 | 13.6 | 8.4 | ||
| Former | 16.9 | 25.4 | 20.4 | 18.0 | 13.7 | ||
| Never | 71.4 | 56.5 | 65.6 | 68.5 | 77.9 | ||
| Alcohol consumption, grams, mean (SD) | 4.4 (18.2) | 2.8 (8.0) | .11 | 4.0 (16.4) | 5.1 (12.4) | 4.0 (10.6) | .06 |
| Active living score,d mean (SD) | 2.1 (0.8) | 2.0 (0.8) | .005 | 1.9 (0.8) | 2.1 (0.8) | 2.2 (0.8) | < .001 |
| % of calories from fat, mean (SD) | 35.2 (6.9) | 34.2 (7.0) | .005 | 34.8 (6.8) | 34.9 (6.9) | 35.9 (6.9) | < .001 |
| Obesity status,e % | 53.0 | 50.0 | .38 | 55.4 | 52.5 | 50.4 | .034 |
| HDLf cholesterol, mean (SD) | 52.1 (14.5) | 52.2 (15.4) | .048 | 53.0 (15.0) | 52.2 (14.8) | 51.1 (13.6) | < .001 |
| LDLf cholesterol, mean (SD) | 126.8 (36.2) | 130.3 (38.7) | .75 | 126.4 (36.0) | 126.9 (35.8) | 127.7 (37.3) | .78 |
| Triglycerides, mean (SD) | 100.2 (53.9 | 114.1 (61.0) | < .001 | 101.7 (53.6) | 103.5 (57.5) | 97.5 (51.6) | .014 |
| Diabetes status,g % | 15.8 | 35.3 | < .001 | 22.8 | 15.5 | 12.5 | < .001 |
| Hypertension status,h % | 54.1 | 82.8 | < .001 | 63.6 | 55.6 | 47.7 | < .001 |
| Neighborhood disadvantage, mean (SD) | 2.49 (6.4) | 5.22 (5.8) | < .001 | 9.7 (3.0) | 3.1 (2.2) | −5.0 (2.2) | .014 |
| Social cohesion,i mean (SD) | 3.01 (0.1) | 3.00 (0.1) | .09 | 2.9 (0.1) | 3.0 (0.1) | 3.1 (0.1) | < .001 |
| Violence,i mean (SD) | 1.26 (0.1) | 1.29 (0.1) | < .001 | 1.4 (0.1) | 1.3 (0.1) | 1.1 (0.1) | < .001 |
| Disorder,i mean (SD) | 1.67 (0.2) | 1.75 (0.2) | < .001 | 1.9 (0.1) | 1.7 (0.1) | 1.4 (0.1) | < .001 |
Note. CHD = coronary heart disease; CVD = cardiovascular disease; GED = general equivalency diploma; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; LDL = low-density lipoprotein. P values determined by χ2 test for categorical variables and Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables.
CVD events included definite or probable fatal or nonfatal CHD and stroke events.
The neighborhood disadvantage score was constructed by summing z-scores of sociodemographic indicators from the 2000 US Census.
Family income levels were based on the midpoint of self-reported family income categories and adjusted for family size and poverty.
The active living score is a summary score of the frequency and duration of leisure-time physical activity. Higher scores represent higher physical activity.
Obesity was defined as body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2.
Fasting HDL and LDL cholesterol units were mg/dL.
Diabetes status was based on the American Diabetes Association 2010 criteria or use of antidiabetic medication.
Hypertension status was defined as blood pressure > 140/90 mm Hg or use of antihypertensive medication.
Neighborhood social cohesion, violence, and disorder were assessed via validated scales measured during a follow-up phone interview.