TABLE 4.

Summary of human molecular-based studies that used liver, kidney, and skeletal tissue and the Hep3B hepatocyte cell line¹

Study authors, year (ref)	Population and health status	Tissue type	Xenobiotic, transport, and metabolizing system	Direction of change
Hardwick et al., 2013 (83)	Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease	Liver	UGT1A9 and 2B10 mRNA	↑
			UGT1A9 and 2B10 protein	No change
			Total UGT activity	No change
			SULTA1C4 mRNA	↑
			SULTA1C4 protein	↑
			Total SULT activity	↓
Yalcin et al., 2013 (84)	Liver steatosis	Liver	SULT1A1 mRNA	No change
			SULT1A1 protein	↓
			SULT1A1 activity	↓
		Liver	SULT1A3 mRNA	No change
			SULT1A3 protein	↑
			SULT1A3 activity	↓
Metz et al., 2008 (85)	Male and female, lean [mean BMI (kg/m2) = 22.6] vs. obese (mean BMI = 35.3)	Leg skeletal muscle	MCT1 protein	No change
Dostalek et al., 2011 (86)	Male and female diabetics	Liver	UGT1A9, UGT1A1, and UGT2B7 mRNA	↓
		Kidney	UGT1A9, UGT1A1, and UGT2B7 mRNA	↓
Yalcin et al., 2013 (84)	Diabetics	Liver	SULT1A1 mRNA	No change
			SULT1A1 protein	↓
			SULT1A1 activity	↓
		Liver	SULT1A3 mRNA	No change
			SULT1A3 protein	No change
			SULT1A3 activity	↓
Juel et al., 2004 (87)	Male type 2 diabetics	Leg skeletal muscle	MCT1 protein	↓
Kim et al., 2004 (80)	Hep3B cells treated with TNF-α and IL-1	Hepatocytes	SULT2A1 mRNA	↓

¹MCT1, monocarboxylate transporter1; ref, reference; SULT, sulfotransferase; UGT, UDP-glucuronyltransferase; ; ↓, decrease; ↑, increase.