Table 2.
Mean values of the behavioral test and the biomarkers measurements in the probiotic and control groups.
| Control group | Probiotic group | Difference between the two groups | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | End-of-trial | Baseline | End-of-trial | P-valuea | |
| MMSE (score out of 30) | 8.47±1.10 | 8.00±1.08 | 8.67±1.44 | 10.57±1.64 | <0.001 |
| TAC (mmol/L) | 895.66±25.96 | 915.35±26.60 | 876.13±26.48 | 922.42±28.53 | 0.25 |
| GSH (μmol/L) | 390.78±17.46 | 386.76±20.33 | 377.26±14.82 | 401.25±16.68 | 0.19 |
| MDA (μmol/L) | 4.26±0.30 | 4.32±0.31 | 4.31±0.26 | 3.21±0.23 | <0.001 |
| hs-CRP (μg/ml) | 4.54±1.30 | 6.59±1.14 | 6.61±1.24 | 5.44±0.85 | <0.001 |
| NO (ìmol/L) | 44.76±0.53 | 45.56±0.82 | 43.68±0.64 | 44.37±1.14 | 0.93 |
| FPG (mg/dl) | 83.40±2.36 | 86.77±4.07 | 92.00±7.92 | 94.13±7.72 | 0.98 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.43±0.24 | 2.08±0.27 | 1.30±0.13 | 1.60±0.19 | 0.002 |
| HOMA-B | 25.04±3.21 | 37.86±4.64 | 27.36±3.50 | 22.06±2.43 | 0.001 |
| QUICKI | 0.38±0.01 | 0.36±0.01 | 0.38±0.01 | 0.37±0.01 | 0.006 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 84.32±4.65 | 81.74±4.76 | 119.60±10.25 | 94.33±10.04 | 0.003 |
| VLDL (mg/dL) | 16.86±0.93 | 16.35±0.95 | 23.92±2.05 | 18.87±2.01 | 0.003 |
| LDL (mg/dl) | 90.44±4.58 | 94.34±4.39 | 85.16±4.14 | 90.64±5.29 | 0.76 |
| HDL (mg/dl) | 51.27±1.75 | 44.49±1.97 | 45.81±1.45 | 38.82±1.35 | 0.93 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 158.57±5.75 | 155.17±5.59 | 154.88±4.91 | 148.32±5.43 | 0.63 |
| Total/ HDL-cholesterol | 3.15±0.12 | 3.62±0.16 | 3.43±0.12 | 3.95±0.2 | 0.81 |
Data are mean ± SEM.
a
represents P-values obtained from the time × group interaction analysis. FPG, fasting plasma glucose; GSH, total glutathione; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model of assessment-estimated insulin resistance; HOMA-B, homeostasis model of assessment-estimated B cell function; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; MMSE, mini-mental state examination; MDA, malondialdehyde; NO, nitric oxide; QUICKI, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; TAC, total antioxidant capacity.