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. 2016 Nov 8;7:13428. doi: 10.1038/ncomms13428

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Copyright © 2016, The Author(s)

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Model estimates of the extent to which long-term changes in different forcing factors are responsible for the long-term change in net ecosystem production (NEP) (a,d), gross primary production (GPP) (b,e) and ecosystem respiration (R_eco; c,f), where NEP=GPP−R_eco. Shaded areas in a–c represent the mean and s.d. from the TRENDY ensemble of dynamic global vegetation model (DGVM) simulations with varying CO₂ (green) or climate (red) only. Dashed lines in a–c show the effect of changes in vegetation (or the fraction of absorbed radiation (fAPAR), blue), and water availability (Alpha, black) estimated using a satellite-driven coupled photosynthesis-respiration (PR) model. (d–f) The mean change associated with each driver between the periods 1901–1915 and 1995–2010.