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. 2016 Nov 8;7:13428. doi: 10.1038/ncomms13428

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Copyright © 2016, The Author(s)

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(a–c) The latitudinal distribution of the effect of changes in different forcing factors on (a) net ecosystem production (NEP), (b) gross primary production (GPP) and (c) ecosystem respiration (R_eco). Shaded areas represent the mean and s.d. from the TRENDY ensemble of dynamic global vegetation models (DGVM) simulations with varying only CO₂ (green) or climate (red). Dashed lines in a–c show the effect of changes in vegetation (or the fraction of absorbed radiation (fAPAR), blue) and water availability (Alpha, black) estimated using a diagnostic coupled photosynthesis-respiration (PR) model. (d–i) The spatial distribution of the influence of increasing atmospheric CO₂ and changes in global climate on total rates of NEP (d,g), GPP (e,h) and total ecosystem respiration (f,i) in gC m⁻² per year. Effects are estimated based on the difference between the 15-year periods of 1901–1915 and 1995–2010.