Table 1.
Patient characteristics
| Variable | Overall | Survived | Died within 60 days | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 1171 | 846 | 325 | |
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 60.52 (28.9) | 55.95 (30.82) | 68.06 (19.66) | <0.001 |
| Male gender, n (%) | 747 (63.8) | 471 (62.1) | 276 (67.0) | 0.106 |
| Year of inclusion, median (IQR) | 2010 (5) | 2010 (5) | 2010 (5) | 0.01 |
| Weight, kg, median (IQR) | 80 (20) | 80 (20) | 80 (23.5) | 0.9 |
| Height, m, mean (sd) | 1.70 (0.09) | 1.70 (0.10) | 1.69 (0.09) | 0.027 |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (sd) | 28.01 (7.82) | 27.96 (7.28) | 28.14 (9.08) | 0.75 |
| Metabolic | ||||
| Daily protein intake, g, mean (sd) | 67.79 (21.93) | 69.54 (22.09) | 64.58 (21.28) | <0.001 |
| Percent of requirement, mean (sd) | 89.69 (32) | 86.92 (32.76) | 91.2 (31.62) | 0.03 |
| REE, mean (sd) | 1944.10 (495.15) | 1999.25 (485.37) | 1842.50 (497.48) | <0.001 |
| Harris-Benedict REE, mean (sd) | 2304.50 (468.52) | 2339.65 (443.56) | 2239.73 (505.50) | <0.001 |
| 25 kcal/kg REE, mean (sd) | 2019.42 (542.10) | 2017.94 (507.44) | 2022.13 (601.38) | 0.9 |
| Total daily calories received, kcal, mean (sd) | 1651.08 (476.52) | 1689.08 (478.68) | 1581.07 (465.02) | <0.001 |
| Daily enteral calories, kcal, mean (sd) | 1287.43 (624.36) | 1369.94 (608.32) | 1135.41 (625.69) | <0.001 |
| Daily parenteral calories, kcal, mean (sd) | 363.65 (542.54) | 319.14 (507.43) | 445.66 (593.86) | <0.001 |
| Parenteral calories >70 % of total, n (%) | 134 (11.4) | 65 (7,7) | 69 (21.2) | <0.001 |
| Administered calories/REE percent, mean (sd) | 89 (30) | 88 (28) | 91 (33) | 0.115 |
| Daily insulin therapy, units, mean (sd) | 44.36 (11.33) | 44.46 (11.58) | 44.16 (10.89) | 0.679 |
| Admission category | ||||
| Surgical, n (%) | 499 (42.6) | 363 (42.9) | 136 (33.0) | <0.001 |
| Trauma patient, n (%) | 258 (22.0) | 209 (27.5) | 49 (11.9) | <0.001 |
| Medical, n (%) | 672 (57.4) | 483 (57.1) | 189 (58.1) | 0.93 |
| Sepsis, n (%) | 267 (22.8) | 152 (20.0) | 115 (27.9) | 0.003 |
| Respiratory, n (%) | 285 (24.3) | 179 (23.6) | 106 (25.7) | 0.456 |
| Cardiac, n (%) | 242 (20.7) | 121 (15.9) | 121 (29.4) | <0.001 |
| Severity | ||||
| APACHE IIa, median (IQR) | 22 (10) | 20 (9) | 26 (9.75) | <0.001 |
| SOFA score, median (IQR) | 8 (5) | 7 (5) | 9 (6) | <0.001 |
| Vasopressors used, n (%) | 904 (77.2) | 534 (70.4) | 370 (89.8) | <0.001 |
| Vasopressor days, median (IQR) | 4 (6) | 4 (4) | 6 (7) | |
| Gastrointestinal | ||||
| Diarrhea, n (%) | 598 (51.1) | 412 (54.3) | 186 (45.1) | 0.003 |
| Diarrhea occurrences, median (IQR) | 7 (13) | 7 (14) | 6 (12) | 0.01 |
| Constipation, n (%) | 792 (67.6) | 531 (70.0) | 261 (63.3) | 0.025 |
| Constipation days, mean (sd) | 6 (4) | 7 (3) | 6 (4) | |
| Large GRV or vomiting, n (%) | 433 (37.0) | 300 (39.5) | 133 (32.3) | 0.017 |
| Large GRV or vomiting occurrences (median (IQR)) | 3(6) | 3(6) | 3 (7) | 0.72 |
| Laboratory data | ||||
| White blood cells, 109/L, mean (sd) | 12.05 (6.48) | 12.19 (6.19) | 11.79 (6.97) | 0.316 |
| Neutrophil count, 109/L, mean (sd) | 10.62 (6.04) | 10.74 (5.82) | 10.40 (6.42) | 0.36 |
| Platelets, 109/L, median (IQR) | 176 (119) | 178 (111) | 169.50 (134) | 0.29 |
| Fibrinogen, g/L, median (IQR) | 484 (372) | 442 (360.5) | 543 (350.75) | <0.001 |
| INR, median (IQR) | 1.27 (0.39) | 1.24 (0.35) | 1.32 (0.49) | <0.001 |
| Albumin, g/dl, mean (sd) | 2.59 (0.79) | 2.66 (0.81) | 2.46 (0.73) | <0.001 |
| Total bilirubin, mg/dl, median (IQR) | 0.70 (0.75) | 0.67 (0.67) | 0.74 (0.96) | <0.001 |
| CRP, mg/dl, median (IQR) | 11.05 (17.35) | 10.87 (17.57) | 11.31 (16.83) | 0.41 |
| Creatinine, mg/dl, median (IQR) | 0.95 (0.86) | 0.84 (0.61) | 1.25 (1.3) | <0.001 |
aAvailable only for 52 % of patients. n number of patients, BMI body mass index, REE resting energy expenditure, APACHE acute physiology and chronic health evaluation, SOFA sequential organ failure assessment, GRV gastric residual volume, INR international normalized ratio, CRP C-reactive protein