Table 2.
Study cohort characteristics
| Characteristics | All N = 315a | Volume overloaded at admissionb n = 77 (24.4 %) | Not volume overloaded at admissionb n = 238 (75.6 %) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 57 ± 14 | 57 ± 16 | 57 ± 14 |
| Female | 143 (45.4) | 37 (48.1) | 106 (44.5) |
| Race | |||
| Black | 195 (61.9) | 45 (58.4) | 150 (63.0) |
| White | 82 (26.0) | 22 (28.6) | 60 (25.2) |
| Other | 38 (12.1) | 10 (13.0) | 28 (11.8) |
| Medicare as primary payer | 266 (84.4) | 62 (80.5) | 204 (85.7) |
| History of diabetesc | 119 (37.8) | 30 (39.0) | 89 (37.4) |
| History of hypertensionc | 217 (68.9) | 64 (83.1) | 153 (64.3) |
| History of arterial diseasec | 150 (47.6) | 43 (55.8) | 107 (45.0) |
| History of heart failurec | 143 (45.4) | 60 (77.9) | 83 (34.9) |
| Length of hospital stay (days)d | 4 (2–8) | 3 (2–6) | 4 (2–8) |
| Admitting service | |||
| Medicine | 257 (81.6) | 74 (96.1) | 183 (76.9) |
| Surgery | 58 (18.4) | 3 (3.9) | 55 (23.1) |
| # of billed ICD-9 discharge diagnosis codes | 14 (11–19) | 16 (12–21) | 13 (10–18) |
| Dialysis CPT procedure code billed on day of admission or the following daye | 150 (48.5) [N = 309] | 42 (56.0) [n = 75] | 108 (46.2) [n = 234] |
| Recent TTE ejection fractionf | |||
| < 35 % | 4 (6.1) | 3 (21.4) | 1 (1.9) |
| 35–54 % | 30 (45.5) | 4 (28.6) | 27 (50.0) |
| ≥ 55 % | 32 (48.5) [N = 66] | 7 (50.0) [n = 14] | 25 (48.1) [n = 52] |
Values presented as mean ± standard deviation, median (quartile 1 – quartile 3) or n (%)
Abbreviations: CPT Current Procedural Terminology, ICD-9 International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, TTE transthoracic echocardiogram
aExcept where noted
bVolume overload status at hospital admission based on clinical adjudication
cComorbid conditions were captured using all available administrative data occurring before the sampled hospitalization. ICD-9 codes for: diabetes included 250.xx; hypertension included 401.xx-405.xx (except 402.11), 402.91, 404.11, 404.13, 404.91, 404.93; arterial disease included 410.xx, 414.0x, 429.2x, 429.5x, 429.7x, 440.x, 440.2x, 440.3x, 440.8x, 440.9x, 443.9x; and heart failure included 398.91, 402.x1, 404.x1, 404.x3, 428.xx
dLength of hospital stay was computed as the discharge date minus the admission date. Patients admitted and discharged on the same day were assigned a length of stay = 0.5 days
eSix patients were admitted and discharged on the same day and were excluded from this computation because we were unable to determine if they received dialysis on the day following admission using inpatient administrative claims data. Dialysis CPT procedure codes used to identify inpatient dialysis treatments include: 90935, 90937, 90945 and 90947
fTTE conducted ≤1 year before sampled hospital admission